Deciphering China’s Reemergence through Its Higher Education Engagement with Southeast Asia: Perspectives of Soft Power and Neo-Tributary Framework

Along with unprecedented reemergence of China, debates about its mentality of power strategy and corresponding influence on world order have become heated. While much attention focuses on economic power enhancement, higher education export of China remains unsystematically explored. This thesis combines the Western soft power concept as a theoretical standpoint and the Chinese history-based neo-tributary perspective to probe into the interrelation between China’s reemergence and its higher education engagement with Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia has long been one of China’s priorities for reinforcing strategic presence and was influenced by China’s cultural outreach through the tributary system in history. This doctoral study intends to elucidate the current situation of Beijing’s paradigm for global rise from a perspective of its tertiary educational engagement measures in Southeast Asia, including language training, educational development aid, student mobility, and institution/program partnerships.
A qualitative case study method has been adopted by choosing Cambodia as the field site. Main approaches for data collection are documentation, institutional data analysis based on two training seminars sponsored by Ministry of Commerce of China, and semi-structured interviews with 40 informants. The interviewees include ten leaders of relevant institution/program partnerships, seven insiders of China’s higher education aid projects in Cambodia, seven members of the Confucius Institutes at Cambodia, and sixteen Cambodian students from various disciplines of Chinese universities. 
Findings were discussed via the prism of educational soft power theory and neo-tributary perspective. It is found that tertiary education orchestrates multiple roles of an engine of soft attractiveness and Chinese Exceptionalism, a disseminator of China’s values and cultures, and a tool for China’s diplomacy, trade and image building. Specifically, China’s higher education engagement with Cambodia is endowed with the mission to tell China’s stories on its own terms to seek wider recognition, to diffuse China’s development model and contemporary culture to build a legitimate and benign national image, and to facilitate diplomatic and trade connections to reinforce the alliance.
Additionally, notwithstanding the fastened diplomatic, trading, and socio-cultural ties since the commencement of the Belt and Road Initiative, the infrastructure-led initiative exacerbates the disproportion of China’s engagement with Cambodia’s different sectors. The huge investment and aid in infrastructure and economic sectors could not efficiently burnish China’s national image among the majority of local people, but sometimes invoke criticism and skepticism of its intentions behind. This research argues that a solid people-to-people connectivity based on genuine understanding and respect of local socio-cultural contexts is a must. Higher education engagement with local stakeholders should play a more concrete and systematic part in future practices that China and Southeast Asian countries could mutually benefit from. 

随着中国的空前崛起，关于其影响力机制背后的心态和对世界秩序的相应影响的争论也变得激烈起来。在关注经济实力提升的同时，中国的高等教育输出尚未有系统的探讨。本论文结合西方软实力概念的理论立场和基于中国历史的新朝贡制度的视角，探究中国的重新崛起与中国在东南亚高等教育参与的相互关系。长期以来，东南亚一直是中国提升其影响力的战略区域之一，并在历史上曾受到中国封建王朝朝贡制度的社会文化影响。这项博士研究基于中国在东南亚的高等教育参与的四项主要举措（包括语言培训、教育发展援助、学生流动和机构/项目合作）阐明中国重新崛起的机制。

通过选择柬埔寨作为实地考察地点，本研究采用了定性的案例研究方法。数据收集的主要方法是文献资料法、基于中国商务部主办的两次培训研讨会的机构内部数据分析，以及对40位知情人士的半结构化访谈。受访者包括10位相关机构/项目合作的领导，7位中国在柬埔寨的高等教育援助项目的内部人士，7位柬埔寨孔子学院的成员，以及16位来自中国各大学不同学科的柬埔寨学生。

研究结果基于教育软实力和新朝贡制度的理论框架进行分析与讨论。研究发现，高等教育扮演着多重角色：软性吸引力和中国例外论的引擎，中国价值观和文化的传播者，以及中国外交、贸易和形象建设的辅助者。具体来说，中国在柬埔寨的高等教育参与被赋予了以下使命：以自己的方式讲述中国的故事，以寻求更广泛的认可；传播中国的发展模式和当代具有吸引力的文化价值观，以建立合法和良性的国家形象；促进外交和贸易联系，以加强联盟关系。

此外，尽管自 “一带一路”倡议启动以来，中柬外交、贸易和社会文化关系进一步加深，但以基础设施为主导的倡议也同时加剧了中国在柬埔寨不同领域的参与的不平等性。对基础设施和经济领域的巨额投资和援助有时候并未能有效地在当地民众中建立良好的国家形象，而是会招致对其背后意图的批评和怀疑。本研究认为，在真正理解和尊重当地社会文化背景的基础上，具有广大群众基础的民心相通是必须的。高等教育与当地的合作应该在未来的实践中发挥更加具体和系统的作用，使得中国和东南亚国家可以从中相互受益。

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