青藏高原冻土微生物脂质组的分布特征及环境控制因素

青藏高原冻土是陆地有机碳的重要储库之一，微生物是冻土生物地球化学循环过程主要的参与者。然而微生物参与的青藏高原冻土生物地球化学循环研究相对较少。膜脂化合物是一类重要的生物标记物，微生物可以通过其组成及结构的变化响应外界环境。古菌的膜脂以类异戊二烯甘油二烷基甘油四醚（isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether，iGDGTs）为主，细菌膜脂以支链甘油二烷基甘油四醚（branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether，brGDGTs）和脂肪酸为主。通过结合环境因子对冻土开展脂质组分析，可以了解膜脂化合物如何响应环境因子，如土壤酸碱度（pH）、土壤含水率和年平均温度等。

本研究比较了通常用于提取古菌和细菌膜脂化合物的方法（Mod_BD法和Fast_BD法），发现两种方法对于化合物提取效率和类别覆盖度区别不大，而Fast_BD法具有时间优势和成本优势，因此推荐Fast_BD法作为探究环境中微生物综合脂质组学的样品处理步骤。通过靶向质谱手段探究醚类化合物（iGDGTs和brGDGTs）的分布特征和环境控制因素，本研究发现完整极性膜脂在冻土环境中受土壤深度和含水率的影响更大，核心脂的分布更受到年均温和土壤pH的控制。通过非靶向质谱手段探究酯类化合物的分布特征和环境控制因素，本研究发现高海拔地区以甘油三酯类化合物为主，低海拔地区以甘油二脂、神经酰胺和N-花生四烯酰甘氨酸类化合物为主。本研究推测高甘油三脂含量、高不饱和度和长链可能是冻土微生物对高寒环境的膜脂适应策略。

本论文结果表明环境脂质组在探究微生物群落对青藏高原冻土环境变化的适应过程中具有巨大潜力，可以作为分子生物学的有效补充手段。

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