The effect of Spartina alterniflora eradication on waterbirds and benthic organisms

Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is a perennial rhizomatous grass introduced to the intertidal wetlands in East Asia. It has become widespread and poses a direct threat to waterbirds in many important waterbird sites. There has been an increasing number of coastal restoration projects in China to eradicate S. alterniflora and restore bare tidal flats to conserve waterbirds. However, the evidence for the assumed benefits to waterbirds and benthic organisms after such restoration effort remains limited. Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve is an important habitat for waterbirds, but the invasion of S. alterniflora is very serious and threatens the local mangrove and tidal flat wetland ecosystems. In this study, we filled this knowledge gap by evaluating the impact of S. alterniflora eradication on waterbirds and benthic organisms at Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve in south China. Results from time-lapse camera photography indicated that the occurrence frequency of shorebirds, waterbirds and all birds were significantly higher in bare tidal flats than S. alterniflora present areas. In contrast, only the occurrence frequency of shorebirds was significantly higher in bare tidal flats than S. alterniflora eradicated areas, indicating that waterbirds and all birds used S. alterniflora eradicated areas at a similar frequency as they do on bare tidal flats. Satellite tracking results also showed similar trends. At least nine out of 16 tracked individual shorebirds used S. alterniflora eradicated areas while avoiding S. alterniflora present areas, including Common Redshank (Tringa tetanus), Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), Greater Sand Plover (Charadrius leschenaultii) and Saunders's Gull (Chroicocephalus saundersi). Nonetheless, the benthic density and biomass in deeper sediments (5–20 cm from surface) were significantly lower in S. alterniflora eradicated areas than bare tidal flats, indicating that the food resources for birds may take longer to recover. This research demonstrates that the eradication of S. alterniflora could create habitats for more waterbirds and therefore the control of the spread or eradication of S. alterniflora in areas that are important to waterbirds are critical towards the conservation of migratory waterbirds.

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