以生活垃圾焚烧灰渣为原料的陶瓷膜制备与性能研究

城市化的快速推进导致我国生活垃圾（以下简称垃圾）数量不断增加。垃圾经过焚烧后，减量减容的同时产生大量灰渣（底渣和飞灰）。目前对灰渣的资源化利用包括建筑材料、免烧砖、混凝土等方式，但以上方式仍会产生重金属浸出的问题。通过烧结处理，可以有效地稳定灰渣中的重金属，并且灰渣中含有大量的SiO2、Al2O3等陶瓷膜主要成分，因此考虑将底渣和飞灰通过烧结的方式制备成陶瓷膜。目前陶瓷膜原材料的紧缺导致成本上升，且纯物质陶瓷膜的烧结温度高达1500 ºC，限制了陶瓷膜在市场中的发展前景。

本课题创新地提出一种使用新型原材料制备陶瓷膜的方法，以生活垃圾焚烧底渣和飞灰作为原料制备陶瓷膜并进行表征和性能测试。使用产量大的灰渣，可以降低陶瓷膜的成本，并且引入混合体系，降低陶瓷膜烧结温度，减少能源消耗。

通过实验表明，底渣陶瓷膜和飞灰陶瓷膜在950 ºC即可制备，有效降低了烧结温度。底渣陶瓷膜的平均孔径为617.3 nm，孔隙率为44.2%；纯水通量为290 kg/(m²·h)；对Pb²⁺、Cr³⁺、Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺的分离率分别为99.99%、84.22%、79.96%、39.56%；经过烧结后，As、Pb、Cd、Co等重金属的浸出浓度大幅度降低。飞灰陶瓷膜的平均孔径为1407.2 nm，孔隙率为29.3%；纯水通量为349 kg/(m²·h)；对Cr³⁺的分离率为97%以上。通过吸附实验、孔径测试及文献调研，认为分离机理包括架桥效应、静电吸附、电荷吸附作用以及离子交换等。

本文实验证明，焚烧底渣和飞灰可以用于制备陶瓷膜，能够有效地降低陶瓷膜烧结温度和原材料的成本，减少能源消耗，为灰渣的资源化提供一种新的思路。

The rapid development of urbanization has led to continuous increase of municipal waste. Although incineration can reduce the volume and quantity of municipal waste, a large amount of residues (bottom ash and fly ash) are generated. At present, the incineration residues can be used as building materials, unburned bricks, concrete, etc., but cannot solve the problem caused by heavy metal leaching. Heavy metals can be stabilized via ceramic sintering. Meanwhile, silicon and aluminum oxides, as main components in the incineration residues, are always used as raw materials for ceramic membranes. Therefore, it is considered to prepare ceramic membranes from the incineration residues (bottom ash and fly ash) by sintering and stabilize heavy metals. Moreover, the sintering temperature is as high as 1500 ºC for the ceramic membranes from pure precursors, which caused excessive energy consumption and limited the development of ceramic membranes. If use ash as raw materials, it will reduce the cost of ceramic membranes. Because the import of a mixing system can reduce the sintering temperature and energy consumption of ceramic membranes. This study innovatively prepared ceramic membranes from municipal waste incineration bottom ash and fly ash. The experimental results showed that the ceramic membranes were synthesized at 950 ºC, when using bottom ash and fly ash as precursors, which effectively reduced the sintering temperature. The mean pore size of the bottom ash membrane was 617.3 nm, and the porosity was 44.2%. The water flux was 290 kg/(m2 ·h). The filtration rates of Pb2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Ni2+ were 99.99%, 84.22%, 79.96%, 39.56%. After sintering, the leaching concentration of heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd, Co, etc. was greatly reduced. The mean pore size of the fly ash membrane was 1407.2 nm, and the porosity was 29.3%. The water flux was 349 kg/(m2 ·h), with the Cr3+ filtration rate over 97%. The filtration mechanisms of the bottom ash was explained by bridging effect, electrostatic adsorption, charge adsorption and ion exchange.
This study proposed a strategy to beneficially utilize the municipal solid waste incineration residues (bottom ash and fly ash) as raw materials for ceramic membranes, which not only reduced the sintering temperature and the cost but also minimized heavy metal leachability after sintering processes.

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