溶解性有机质在城市河流中的源解析及污水厂点源中的过程变化

城市河流溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter，DOM）由于其复杂的来源环境而呈现出显著的空间差异，深入理解其空间变化的影响机制及源贡献对河流水生态环境保护及理解碳、氮、金属等元素的生物地球化学循环意义重大。本文以深圳市茅洲河为例，应用分子量分布和荧光光谱研究城市河流干流和近点源DOM的空间变化，利用灰色关联分析综合考量点源、面源和微生物源因素对河流DOM的贡献。然后，从源控制出发，选择污水处理厂作为代表性点源，通过傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱从分子层面上重点研究了其生物处理过程中DOM分子的生成、去除与转化。本文的主要发现如下：

DOM在上游比中下游含有更多腐殖质类物质。与上下游相比，中游DOM的组成更为多样，疏水性更低，分子尺寸更小。即使在距离点源很短的距离内，DOM的性质和组成也会发生显著变化。主干流DOM的空间差异主要是由于不同河段点源、面源和微生物源对DOM的贡献不同所导致。总体上面源是影响主流DOM的主要因素，微生物源其次，而点源的贡献存在累积效应。

点源污水处理厂贡献了大量可生化降解的生物高聚物。厌氧单元过程分解进水DOM大分子同时生成小分子，但整体上高效降低了DOM的总含量；缺氧单元过程主要作用是有机氮脱氮以及DOM分子的生成；好氧过程中则主要发生DOM的矿化和无机氮到有机氮的转化。厌氧/缺氧/好氧生物处理后，DOM芳香度和不饱和度略有增加，这与Proteobacteria的相对丰度显著正相关，和Bacteroidetes的相对丰度显著负相关。群落结构聚类分析发现，门层面上的种群结构能耦合单元处理过程的功能与作用。

以上结果表明，即使在局部地区，城市化进程和土地利用规划对河流DOM组成和性质影响大。因此，未来对河流DOM相关的水质管理需要将河岸周边的土地规划考虑在内。污水DOM的过程变化特征和微生物种群相关关系可用于指导城市污水处理厂的运行优化（如污泥群落驯化），有利于污水排放控制，从而为在点源控制方面调控河流DOM提供思路。

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in urban rivers shows spatial variations, reflecting the influences of various input sources. Elucidating the source contributions to DOM spatial variations is critical for the in-depth understanding of the biogeochemical cycles of chemical elements and will benefit ecosystem protection. In this study, we used the coupled methods of size-exclusion chromatographic and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses to characterize the DOM variations in the mainstream and point sources of Maozhou River in Shenzhen, and applied grey relational analysis to quantify the contributions of point, non-point, and microbial sources in different river sections. Further, from the perspective of source control, we applied Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry to explore the generation and removal of DOM molecules in different treatment units in a wastewater treatment plant. The main findings of this research include:

DOM contained more humic-like substances in the upstream than those in the mid- and downstream. DOM had more varied compositions, lower hydrophobicity, and smaller molecular size in the midstream than those in the up- and downstream. The DOM properties and compositions varied significantly even within a short distance from the point sources. The results were attributed to the different contributions of point, non-point, and microbial sources to DOM in different river sections. The non-point sources were identified as the main contributors affecting the overall mainstream DOM, and the contributions of point sources were cumulative.

The point source wastewater treatment plant contributed large amounts of biopolymers. Results indicated that the anaerobic process decomposed the macromolecules of influent DOM and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and decreased their mass; the anoxic process denitrified DON and generated DOM; and DOM mineralization and ammonia nitrogen-DON conversion occurred in the oxic process. Aromaticity and unsaturation degree increased slightly after the biological treatment processes, which was correlated with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (positively) and Bacteroidetes (negatively). The sludge community composition at phylum level can indicate the functions and roles of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic unit processes in DOM transformation.

The above results implied that urbanization and land uses greatly impacted the DOM quality in different sections of rivers in a single watershed, implying that the land uses of near-river bank areas should be well planned for regulating the riverine DOM. The results of DOM variations and sludge community correlations provided important insights into the biological treatment processes, which may guide the optimization of wastewater discharge and thus benefit the point source control of riverine DOM.

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