海洋古菌II（MGII）对球形棕囊藻的生态响应

海洋古菌II（Marine Group II，MGII）是海洋水体中最主要的异养古菌，是海洋元素循环过程的重要参与者。前人研究发现海洋环境中典型赤潮藻类球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa，P. globosa）的勃发可能造成MGII的暴发，但两者耦合机制尚不明确。本研究通过设计实验室内共培养实验，尝试从依附共生和有机质利用的角度，实验中设置加入活藻组、加入藻滤液组、加入F/2培养基组与空白组等，探究MGII对球形棕囊藻的响应；同时采样调研2021年深圳大澳湾球形棕囊藻赤潮后期环境，探究自然环境中MGII对球形棕囊藻暴发的响应。实验样品与环境样品结合，尝试探究影响MGII丰度变化的关键因素，推测MGII与球形棕囊藻的生态关系，加深二者在生态系统的碳循环过程中所起作用的理解。

研究结果表明共培养实验中，球形棕囊藻的藻体和去除藻体后的藻液都可以刺激MGII的丰度在三天内增加1-1.5个数量级，随后MGII迅速衰退，丰度下降3-4个数量级。有意思的是，活藻体存在的培养体系能够延缓MGII的衰退，延长MGII丰度维持在10⁵ copies/L以上的时间，表明活藻体直接或间接不断产生的有机质能够维持MGII在短期内的生长。通过共培养实验样品与环境样品对比分析，发现球形棕囊藻主要影响MGIIa类群的丰度，表明MGIIa可能具有利用藻类有机质生长的能力。

对共培养实验与大澳湾赤潮后期环境样品利用三维荧光光谱方法，分析两类样品中荧光溶解性有机质（Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter，FDOM）组分，发现类酪氨酸与类色氨酸在两次共培养实验中均被发现，而在环境样品中仅发现类色氨酸。关联分析FDOM组分变化与MGII的丰度变化，发现共培养实验中培养时间未超过三天的样品中，类色氨酸与MGII的丰度呈现正相关；在培养时间超过三天的实验样品以及赤潮后期环境样品中发现类色氨酸与MGII丰度呈现负相关，说明藻类勃发状态和赤潮末期水体两种不同的生境，对MGII的生长影响不同。

本研究通过共培养实验以及对环境样品的探究，进一步厘清了MGII对球形棕囊藻的生态响应，加深了对于水体富营养化背景下海洋异养古菌MGII扮演的角色的了解，也对MGII的富集与分离有积极的指导意义。

Marine Group II (MGII) Euryarchaeota are the most abundant heterotrophic archaea in the ocean and play an important role in marine elemental cycling. Previous studies have found that the bloom of Phaeocystis globosa (P. globosa), the dominant algal species of red tides in the marine environment, may cause the outbreak of MGII. But, the underlining interactions between the two species remain elusive. The objective of this study was to uncover MGII’s ecological response to P. globosa derived organic matter. We designed a laboratory co-culture experiment to investigate the response of MGII to P. globosa additions from the perspectives of microbial association and organic matter utilization. We also collected the late red tide seawater dominated by P. globosa in Da'ao Bay, Shenzhen in 2021 to investigate the response of MGII to P. globosa outbreak in the natural environment. Experimental samples were combined with environmental samples in order to investigate key biotic and abiotic factors influencing the growth and abundance dynamics of MGII, and to infer the ecological relationship between MGII and P. globosa.

Laboratory co-culture results showed that both algal cells and algal exuded dissolved organic matter (the algal growth media after the removal of algal cells) could stimulate the rapid growth of MGII in the first 3 days by 1-1.5 orders of magnitude. After that, MGII declined rapidly by 3-4 orders of magnitude. However, in the presence of P. globosa colonies, MGII abundance could be maintained above 10⁵copies/L for a longer time, indicating that the continuous production of organic matter by living algae or associated microbes could be essential for the survival of MGII in the co-culture experiments. A comparative analysis of the laboratory co-cultures and in situ field samples showed that P. globosa colonies mainly affected the growth of MGIIa, indicating that MGIIa may be able to utilize algal organic matter to grow.

Using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, the analysis of the co-culture experiments samples and the environmental samples revealed that the protein-like components of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the two types of samples were different. Tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like components were found in both co-culture experiments, while tryptophan-like component were found in the environmental samples. The correlation between the changes of FDOM and MGII abundance showed that tryptophan-like components was positively correlated with MGII abundance in the samples incubated for less than three days in the co-culture experiments, while tryptophan-like components was negatively correlated with MGII abundance in the experimental samples incubated for more than three days and in the environmental samples at the end of the red tide, suggesting the microniches during phytoplankton blooms or post blooms might have different influences on MGII growth in addition to tryptophan-like components.

In this study, co-culture experiments and environmental samples were used to investigate the ecological relationship between MGII and P. globosa, and to gain a deeper understanding of the role of MGII during phytoplankton blooms. Meanwhile, the co-culture experiments also serve as a clue for the enrichment and isolation of MGII.

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