青藏高原亚东-谷露地堑系高温地热系统流体地球化学成因

随着全球变暖、能源短缺和大气污染等问题的日益严重，地热能源作为可再生绿色能源受到了广泛的关注。青藏高原是中国高温地热资源最丰富的地区，具有巨大的地热资源开发潜力。青藏高原的高温地热资源受控于一系列南北向发育的地堑系，其中，亚东-谷露地堑系是规模最大、地热资源最丰富的地热带。本文基于亚东-谷露地堑系地热的水地球化学和同位素特征，结合水文地球化学模拟手段，对地热流体的来源、演化和循环机制进行研究。研究区浅层地下水的水化学特征较为一致，以 Ca-HCO₃ 型和 Ca-HCO₃·SO₄ 型为主；地热水的水化学特征呈现出较大的差异，包括 Na-Cl 主导型（Na-Cl·HCO₃, Na-HCO₃·Cl, Na·Ca-HCO₃·Cl, Na·Ca-Cl 和 Na·Ca- Cl·HCO₃）和 Na-HCO₃ 型。浅层地下水主要受控于碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩风化 过程，地热水主要受控于深部 CO₂ 参与的硅酸盐岩风化、碳酸盐岩风化和阳离子交替吸附过程。反向地球化学模拟表明地热水运移过程中主要发生钠长石、钾长石、盐岩、方解石、白云石、石膏/硬石膏和 CO₂ 溶解，同时发生石英/玉髓和高岭石的沉淀。地热水中稀碱金属元素和硼元素的比率明显低于花岗岩中的比率，这表明流体在上升过程中稀碱金属经历过交替吸附过程，同时受到岩浆脱气过程的显著影响。氢氧同位素表明地表水和浅层地下水主要由大气降水补给；地热水主要由大气降水、冰雪融水和岩浆流体补给，位于地堑系北段和南段的平均补给高程分别为 5116 m 和 5816 m。地热水主要的 CO₂ 来源为内源碳，贡献比例为 77~99%。基于经验公式地温计、硅-焓混合模型和地球化学热力学模拟，北段和南段的热储温度分别为 160~312 ℃和 235~238 ℃，循环深度范围分别为 2.5~6.9 km 和 3.4~6.5 km。热源主要为壳源热，其中构造变形生热和放射性元素生热贡献比的范围分别为 34%~81%和 14%~47%，地幔热贡献较少。基于研究区地质构造背景，从“源、通、储、盖”和流体演化角度提出了亚东-谷露地堑系高温地热系统成因概念模式，为高温地热资源的开发和青藏高原深循环地下水的研究提供了依据。

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