生态补水提升城市水环境韧性的潜力研究：以龙岗河流域为例

随着我国经济高速增长和人口急剧膨胀，快速的城市化进程和滞后的污水处理设施建设之间的矛盾使得城市水环境日益恶化。在城市排水系统建设不完善且缺少外源补水的情况下，雨源型河流在旱季的水污染风险大大增加。以再生水、水库水等为水源对河道进行生态补水是保障河道基流、提高水环境容量、改善水质的潜在手段。有韧性（resilience）的水系统是韧性城市的关键特征之一，但目前还缺乏关于生态补水如何提升城市河道水环境韧性的定量研究。从韧性的角度出发，通过再生水与水库水等多水源联合优化配置，对雨源型河道进行常态化补水，对于降低河道旱季水污染风险、巩固城市治水提质成效、推进韧性城市建设具有重要意义。

本论文以深圳市第二大流域——龙岗河流域为研究对象，利用MIKE 11软件构建了一维水动力-水质耦合模型，模拟溶解氧（Dissolved oxygen，DO）、化学需氧量（Chemical oxygen demand，COD）、氨氮（NH₃-N）、总磷（Total phosphorus，TP）等水质参数。选用实测流速与水质数据对模型进行率定与验证，四联河、大康河、黄沙河、同乐河、丁山河共五条支流的流速相对误差在-32% ~ -11%之间，均方误差在0.05 ~ 0.13 mg²/L²之间；五条支流水质的相对误差在-25% ~ 25%之间，除同乐河的NH₃-N外，其余支流水质参数的纳什系数在0.35 ~ 0.73之间。可见，模型可以较为准确地模拟河道低流量情形及水质变化趋势，为龙岗河流域水环境韧性的定量评估提供了关键技术支撑。

设置基线（不补水）、提标前再生水补水、提标后再生水补水、新增再生水补水四种情景，基于MIKE 11模拟和可靠性-韧性-脆弱性的指标体系，定量评估了再生水补水对旱季河流水环境韧性的提升效应。结果表明，提标前的再生水补水对河流韧性的提升效应在0% ~ 11%之间；提标改造对韧性的提升效应微乎其微；新增36万立方米/天的再生水补水可以消除黑臭水体，各河流韧性的提升程度均超80%；仅依靠新增再生水补水无法使河流水质满足地表水V类标准，总体水量缺口巨大，NH₃-N和TP分别为污染程度较轻和较严重的子流域的限制性指标。

在2018年再生水补水的基础上，将新增再生水补水和污染物削减（即提高支流管网污水收集率）两类变化条件进行组合，以成本最小化和支流韧性提升最大化为优化目标，以支流新增再生水补水量为决策变量，利用带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法（Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms Ⅱ）对再生水补水进行优化配置，并使用基于熵权法的优劣解距离法（Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution，TOPSIS）对非支配解集进行排序选择，得到了贴近度最大的最优方案：污水收集率提升20%，再生水补水量为10万立方米/天。

进一步设置基线（不补水）、现状再生水补水（2018年）、水库水均匀补水、水库水日优化调度四种情景，以旱季污染最为严重的一个月为情景评价期，定量评估了水库水补水对旱季河流水环境韧性的提升效应。结果表明，水库水的均匀补给对于污染程度较轻的河流韧性提升效应较为显著（＞50%），而水库水的优化调度可以进一步提升水环境韧性。水库水补水对COD和NH₃-N的韧性提升效应高于TP。论文研究结果为粤港澳大湾区的水污染治理和韧性城市建设提供了科学依据。

Increasing population and rapid urbanization accelerated the exploitation of limited water resources and contributed to China’s water quality deterioration. With the lagging sewage treatment facilities’ constructions and the lack of external water recharge, the risk of water pollution for rain-source rivers with small environmental capacity and weak self-cleaning ability has greatly increased during dry seasons. Ecological water replenishment with the combination of reclaimed water and reservoir water plays a significant role in increasing water environmental capacity and preserving water environment. The impacts of ecological replenishment on urban water environment have been widely studied, while fewer studies have quantitatively assessed its impact from the perspective of resilience. Consequently, the research on potential of water ecological replenishment to enhance urban water environmental resilience is of great importance to the prevention and control of water pollution and building of resilient cities.

Using Longgang River basin as an example, this study developed an integrated hydrodynamic and water quality model using MIKE 11 and simulated four parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia and total phosphorus (TP). The performance of MIKE 11 model was calibrated (October 2017 to April 2018) and validated (October 2018 to April 2019) based on weekly measured velocity and water quality data at six monitoring sites of tributaries. The results show that the relative error of velocity were between -32% and -11%, mean square error were between 0.05 and 0.13 mg²/L²; Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of water quality model were between 0.25 ~ 0.73. The MIKE 11 model accurately simulated discharge and the changes of water quality of tributaries in critical conditions and provided a quantitative assessment tool of the Longgang River basin water environmental resilience.

Based on the MIKE 11 model, this study quantitatively assessed the impacts of reclaimed water utilization on urban water environmental resilience using reliability-resilience-vulnerability metrics through a series of different scenarios (no water recharge, currently reclaimed water recharge, adding reclaimed water recharge). The results show that the effect of reclaimed water replenishment on resilience are 0% ~ 11%; the improved effect of upgrading effluent standard on resilience is minimal; the additional 360,000 m³/d of reclaimed water replenishment could eliminate black odor water bodies, and the improvement of river resilience is more than 80%; relying on reclaimed water replenishment cannot meet surface water quasi V, the overall water shortage is about 3 million m³/d, Dingshan River is the main restricted river, NH₃-N and TP are the restricted indicators for less polluted and heavily polluted sub-basins respectively.

In addition, the allocation of reclaimed water was optimized using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms Ⅱ (NSGA Ⅱ). This study minimized cost and maximized enhancement of tributaries’ resilience, which were denoted by optimization objective functions, subject to constraints of maximum discharge and ecological environment water demand. Discharge was selected as decision variables. The entropy-weighted technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method (TOPSIS) was used to selected pareto solution sets. The optimal solution with the greatest closeness was the combination of 20% increase in wastewater collection rate and 100,000 m³/d of reclaimed water replenishment.

This study quantitatively assessed the impacts of reservoir water utilization on urban water environmental resilience using reliability-resilience-vulnerability metrics through a series of different scenarios (no water recharge, currently reclaimed water recharge, even replenishment and optimal daily scheduling of reservoir water). The results show that the evenly recharge of reservoir water has a significant effect (greater than 50%) on improving the resilience of lightly polluted rivers, and the optimal scheduling of reservoir water can further improve water environmental resilience. The resilience enhancement effect of reservoir water replenishment on COD and NH₃-N are higher than that of TP. The results of this study provide important enlightenment for the prevention of water pollution and resilient city construction in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

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