主动源震电和电震数值模拟研究

震电和电震成像方法由于具有地震方法的高垂向分辨率以及电磁数据对地下流体的敏感性等特点，在水文地质调查、油气勘探、声电/电声效应测井、冰川学研究等领域均具有潜在的应用前景。然而，由于震电波场的复杂性，目前在野外试验中记录的一些震电耦合现象还没有得到数值模拟研究的充分解释。此外，目前关于电震耦合效应的研究还比较少，对电震转换类型及其潜在应用的认识还不够全面。因此，开展全面、深入的主动源震电和电震数值模拟研究具有重要意义。本文基于Pride动电耦合理论，提出了一套新的基于Luco-Apsel-Chen广义反透射系数法（LAC GRTM）的主动源震电和电震数值模拟方法，并利用该方法开展了全面、深入的主动源震电波场和电震波场数值模拟研究。在此基础上，探讨了海洋电震Scholte波分析在海底浅层S波速度结构成像中的应用潜力。
针对目前基于反射率法（如LAC GRTM）的层状介质全波形震电和电震模拟算法在处理源和接收器位于地面时出现的不收敛问题，将在计算合成理论地震图中已被验证是处理这类问题的准确、高效的峰谷平均法推广到震电和电震波场研究中，得到了合适的处理方案。此外，针对由低渗透率地层引起的数值计算不稳定问题，推导了一套新的本征向量集。在此基础上，开发了一套新的层状孔隙介质震电和电震数值模拟算法，并通过精度验证、互易性检验和效率对比验证了新算法在模拟源和接收器位于地面或地面附近情况下的震电波场和电震波场的准确性和高效性。新算法的提出为开展由主动源产生的震电和电震波场的数值模拟研究奠定了基础。
通过考虑与野外震电试验类似的场景，利用新算法对震电波场进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明，由于地震波在孔隙介质分界面转换产生的隐失震电波，导致电信号比诱导它们的地震信号早几毫秒到达地面接收器。这是第一个考虑地表激发地表接收情况的层状介质震电波场全波形数值模拟结果，它可以解释长期以来在地球物理野外观测中记录的类似地震波诱导的动电耦合现象。此外，本文还利用伴随慢纵波的局部电场在离开地下水位面后的快速衰减特性解释了长期以来在垂直震电剖面（vertical SE profiles, VSEP）观测中记录到的电信号在地下水位面附近的极性反转现象。
利用新算法对电震耦合效应进行了全面、深入的数值模拟研究。结果表明，除界面辐射电震转换外，电磁波在孔隙介质分界面上还会产生一种新的界面响应类型——隐失电震转换。它是由电流源激发的隐失电磁波作用于电流源正下方的界面诱导的地震波。电流源在地下孔隙介质分界面上的投影点可以看作是激发隐失电震波的“震源”。这种转换产生的地震波包括P波、S波等，本质上它们是一种非几何地震波，标记为(EM-) P*波和(EM-) S*波。此外，数值模拟结果还表明，隐失电震波的激发存在一个最佳激发频率范围，在该频带内隐失电震信号的振幅达到最大。
探讨了以隐失电震波为主要成分的海洋电震信号在提取Scholte波频散曲线中的潜力。首先，通过模拟在三种典型海洋-孔隙介质模型中传播的电震波场，发现海底接收器记录的电震波场主要由以Scholte波为主的隐失电震波组成，并且这些电震信号的振幅可达10˗8 m/s（速度场）和10˗3 Pa（压力场），都在现有地震仪器可以测量的范围内。接着，将改进的频率-贝塞尔变换方法推广到对海洋电震波场的频散能量成像中，并通过追踪频散能量图的峰值提取了Scholte波频散曲线。与传统的纯地震波场相比，从海洋电震信号中提取的Scholte波频散曲线更清晰且具有不受导波频散能量干扰的优势，并且用它反演的海底浅层横波速度结构与真实模型更吻合。由此可见，海洋电震Scholte波分析方法在海底浅层横波速度结构成像方面具有潜在应用价值。
论文以推动震电和电震勘探为目标，通过引入峰谷平均法和新的本征向量集提出了一套基于反射率法的主动源震电和电震数值模拟算法，并利用新算法开展数值模拟研究，较好地解释了在野外震电观测中记录的“电信号比地震信号早到几毫秒”和“极性反转”现象，并从理论上预测了隐失电震转换的存在。此外，还探讨了利用以隐失电震波为主的海洋电震数据进行海底浅层横波速度结构成像的潜力。相关研究成果为主动源震电和电震勘探提供了一套切实可行的正演工具和一部分理论支持。

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