微米尺度煤系矿物与农业固体有机废弃物共发酵的协同作用与机制的研究

近几十年来，我国迅速发展的种植业和畜禽养殖业产生了大量的有机
固体废弃物，对环境造成了严重的污染和破坏。好氧堆肥是一种低成本的
可实现农业有机固体废弃物资源化利用的方法。然而，传统堆肥存在堆肥
周期长、产品腐熟度较低以及氮损失较大等问题。基于此，本研究考察了
一种新型矿物添加剂(SRM)对改善堆肥品质的潜力并阐明其作用机制。该
矿物添加剂由煤泥分离而得，由微米尺度高岭石、绿泥石、石英和黄铁矿
等矿物组成。本研究开展了以鸡粪和秸秆为堆肥原料，以不同比例微米尺
度 SRM为添加剂的好氧堆肥实验（50天），通过堆体理化指标与高通量测
序分析系统考察了 SRM对堆肥过程及堆肥品质的影响，同时揭示 SRM与
农业有机固体废弃物共发酵的协同作用与机制。目前已有的研究结果表明： 
（1）SRM 可使好氧堆肥堆体快速升温。第二天处理组堆体温度均高
于对照组，最高达 10oC。同时与对照组相比，添加量为 10%和 15%矿物添
加剂组中堆体的氮损失明显下降，这可能与高温期较短和 pH值较低有关。 
（2）SRM 可加速好氧堆肥堆体的无害化和腐殖化进程。添加 10%和
15%SRM堆体的发芽指数均显著高于未添加组，并于第 24天达到腐熟标准
要求（发芽指数大于 0.7），而未添加组堆体在堆肥终点仍未达到腐熟水平。 
（3）堆体关键酶活检测结果表明添加 10%SRM 显著提高了纤维素降
解酶（β‒1,3葡聚糖苷酶和 β‒葡聚糖苷酶）和有机氮转化酶（脲酶）的活
性，从而加速了堆体中纤维素的降解和有机氮的转化。 
（4）在堆肥高温期时，所有添加 SRM处理组中的厚壁菌门的丰度高
于未添加组，同时，添加 10%和 15%SRM处理组中的子囊菌门的丰度高于
未添加组，这表明 SRM促进堆体中纤维素、蛋白质及氨基酸降解菌的生长
是促进堆体腐熟的主要原因之一。 
综上所述，SRM作为添加剂可加速好氧堆肥进程并提高堆肥品质。本
研究将有助于人们更好地认识好氧堆肥系统中有机质、微生物与矿物之间
的协同作用及其机制，为促进农业有机固体废弃物和无机固体废弃物的资
源化利用提供可靠数据和理论依据。

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