热力作用下多孔介质圆柱绕流和传热特性的数值研究

多孔介质钝体绕流与对流换热广泛存在于自然界和生物工程、能源与化工、航空航天、核工程和海洋工程等工程领域，涉及多孔介质内部及周围复杂流动与传热等基础性问题，因此，对多孔介质钝体相关流动和传热的深入研究具有重要的学术意义和工程应用价值。虽然学术界对此类问题的研究逐渐增多，但对多孔介质圆柱绕流和混合对流换热的研究仍不够完善，其所蕴含关于流动和传热的物理机制仍不是很清晰。本文基于有限体积法，较为系统地研究和分析了热力作用下具有内热源的多孔介质圆柱的稳态绕流和混合对流换热问题。本文的主要研究工作和结论简述如下：

考虑辅助热力（当热浮力方向与来流方向相同时，此时流动所受到的热浮力叫作辅助热力）影响，本文研究了多孔圆柱的混合对流传热问题，探讨了辅助热力作用下多孔圆柱后部尾迹区涡产生与消失的机理，得到了不同无量纲物理参数下尾涡存在与消失的分岔图，并与实心圆柱绕流中尾涡结构变化和传热性能进行了对比分析，探讨了多孔圆柱的阻力系数计算方法。结果表明，多孔圆柱后部尾涡的存在方式包括渗入尾涡和脱离尾涡两种，达西数和辅助热力对尾涡的产生均具有抑制作用，对尾涡的消失均具有促进作用。相比实心圆柱，多孔圆柱后部尾涡在较大雷诺数下产生，在较小热力作用时消失。尾涡的形成和消失与圆柱内部渗流和周围流动以及涡量的产生与衰减密切相关。与实心圆柱相比，多孔圆柱的传热性能得到了显著提高，在较大达西数和较强热力作用时提升效果更为显著。由于多孔自身的阻碍作用使得流体穿过多孔圆柱时存在动量损失，相比表面积分法，采用控制体积法得到的圆柱表面阻力系数更为准确。

本文探索了在辅助热力作用下普朗特数对多孔圆柱流动和传热的影响，得到了不同普朗特数下尾涡存在的分岔图，并分析了不同普朗特数下等温线的结构分布情况以及传热机制。结果表明，普朗特数的增加一方面削弱了多孔圆柱内部和周围流动，促使了尾涡的产生和发展，随着普朗特数增加，尾涡产生的临界雷诺数减小。另一方面，在一定程度上，普朗特数的增加也削弱了辅助热力对流动的影响。普朗特数对温度分布的影响显著，它的增加促使了圆柱后部等温线出现卷曲且高低起伏类似凹状或者马鞍状的结构，其整体结构大小与圆柱后部尾涡的大小大致相同，且其整体长度与尾涡长度也几乎一致，这种结构使得等温线较为密集地分布在圆柱后部，有利于传热。普朗特数的增加使得圆柱周围的热边界层厚度明显变薄，再加上此时温度沿下游方向衰减得较快，热量向下游扩散得较快，从而增强了传热。

考虑来流方向和热力的相互作用，本文研究了多孔圆柱的尾涡特性和传热性能，探讨了流场和尾涡非对称分布的机理。研究结果表明，在来流方向和热力双重作用下尾涡结构呈现多样性分布。当来流方向与热力方向不一致时，整体尾涡结构不再总是关于水平轴线对称，而是由上下结构不一的两部分涡组成。在不同物理参数下，上下两部分涡的变化情况不同。来流方向角对尾涡非对称性的影响取决于达西数和热力的大小，达西数的增加使得非对称性先减小后增加，热力强度的增加则使得尾涡非对称性愈加显著。在所研究的物理参数范围内，整个流场可能会经历两到三种尾涡的发展形态，包括双涡结构、单涡结构和无涡状态。尾涡结构的这一系列变化跟圆柱周围的流体速度和圆柱后部的出口速度以及涡量分布有关，而其非对称性的主要原因源于垂直于来流方向的热力分量的影响。热力的这一分量使得流体在垂直于来流方向上也有受力。来流方向角的增大使得传热性能降低。热力具有增强或减弱传热的双重作用，这取决于来流方向角大小。当来流方向垂直于热力方向时，热力使得传热减弱。当其他条件一定时，辅助热力情形下的传热性能最好。

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