拓扑材料的超导相关输运性质研究

拓扑材料，包括拓扑绝缘体与半金属，一直在凝聚态物理学的研究中获得广泛的兴趣。在时间反演对称的保护下，拓扑绝缘体中存在螺旋边缘态。这使得在其边界上运动的电子具有自旋-动量锁定的特性。这一输运特性使其具成为新一代的自旋电子学器件的潜质。另一方面，虽然拓扑半金属不具有体能隙，但其中也允许非平庸的边界态的存在。一般来说，根据能带相交的几何结构，拓扑半金属可进一步分成节点半金属和节点环半金属两大类。正如螺旋边缘态在拓扑绝缘体中所扮演的角色一样，拓扑半金属中能带相交的信息以及相应的表面态都决定了它们输运性质。尽管经过多年发展，关于拓扑材料的探测与应用的研究已经十分详尽，但是关于它们与超导相互作用时的输运性质却并未被充分研究。基于此，本文研究内容主要包含两方面：在以拓扑材料作为中间层而超导体作为电极的约瑟夫森结中，拓扑材料对输运特性的影响；以及，在拓扑材料中引入本征的超导配对后所形成的拓扑超导体的特征输运信号。具体研究内容如下:

1. 研究了以光调控拓扑绝缘体为中间层的约瑟夫森结的输运性质。在此结构中，约瑟夫森流的流相关系可以仅仅由电学参量调制，其中包括了由门电压控制的0-π 相变和由横向电压控制的反常相移。这些现象都是由光诱导的各向异性螺旋边缘态引起的。由于各向异性的存在，对体系施加电场的效果与对其施加一个塞曼场的效果是一样的，且塞曼场的方向自动地与边缘态的自旋排列方向匹配。这大大减小了在以往在拓扑绝缘体-约瑟夫森结的实验中由于调控磁场所带来的困难。这一研究为产生螺旋超电流和设计电调制拓扑超导器件提供了可能的应用方案。
2. 研究了光调控狄拉克半金属中外尔点产生和湮灭现象的约瑟夫森特征。外尔点的产生和湮灭现象是与外尔费米子有关的独特拓扑现象。在光调控下的狄拉克半金属构成的约瑟夫森结中，超流出现了双模振荡与0-π 相变。这些信号可以表征外尔点的产生。这是一种有别于磁信号的证据。进一步研究表明，双模振荡来源于手征性翻转和手征性守恒的安德列夫反射过程，而前者正是由于外尔点的产生所引起的。另一方面，当外尔点湮灭后，可以通过在界面处放置两个铁磁体以激活自旋翻转的安德列夫反射过程，从而实现反常约瑟夫森流。这为利用外尔半金属构造超导自旋电子学器件提供了一个可行的方案。
3. 研究了拓扑节点环超导体及其诱导的马约拉纳鼓面态的输运特性。本论文原创性地提出了一种拓扑节点环超导体，并证明了其中马约拉纳鼓面态的存在。这样一种二维的马约拉纳态，其存在有有助于：精确地在正常金属-拓扑节点环半金属异质结中确定节点环的半径；以及在正常金属-拓扑节点环半金属-正常金属异质结中产生自旋极化巨关联电流。这一研究弥补了实验上对节点环半金属探测的不足，并且为构造拓扑超导自旋电子学器件提供了可行性方案。
4. 研究了量子限制下的拓扑节点环超导体中多个马约拉纳表面态引起的安德列夫反射过程。量子限制效应使得拓扑节点环超导体表面存在多个马约拉纳态。本论文探讨了两种情况下由这些表面态引起的安德列夫反射的性质，分别是：在正常的金属-势阱-拓扑结点环超导体结中，安德列夫反射的动量空间分布信息需要通过对电导细致地分析才能获得；当用两层电极薄膜与拓扑结点环超导体接触时，安德烈夫反射表现出干涉震荡的图样。对这一震荡现象的解释需要推广共振安德列夫反射的理论框架，并认为在此时马约拉纳表面态应该被视为沿着平行于接触界面方向分布的驻波。这两种情况分别为探测马约拉纳表面态在动量空间和实空间中的分布提供了可能的实验方案。而利用马约拉纳表面态在异质结的横向方向的非局域性，安德列夫反射的干涉图样为在具有量子限制的系统中测量马约拉纳束缚态提供了另一种途径。

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