准静态震电面波和粘弹VTI介质地震面波的频散与衰减研究

  面波（本文指瑞雷波和勒夫波）方法主要利用面波相速度频散特性来探测固体地球介质的横波速度结构，现已在浅地表地球物理勘探以及区域或全球地震学等领域得到了广泛应用。面波方法主要包括三个流程：野外数据采集，面波频散提取，面波频散反演。面波频散反演的质量主要取决于所提取的频散信息，高阶模式频散信息对于降低反演的非唯一性和提高反演的精度具有重要作用。频率-贝塞尔变换方法已被证实具有更强的面波高阶模式提取能力。固体地球介质已被广泛证实具有各向异性和粘弹性。为了获得更加符合实际情况的横波速度结构，面波方法应该考虑介质的性质。本文基于正演模拟，围绕面波频散提取以及面波在各向异性粘弹性介质中的频散与衰减特性开展研究工作，主要获得了以下4个方面的研究成果：

  高阶模式频散信息的有效提取一直是面波方法的研究热点。本文提出了从准静态震电信号（即准静态条件下震电转换的电磁信号）中提取瑞雷波高阶模式的新方法。本文采用广义反透射系数方法，模拟了重物下落源激发的、在孔隙介质中传播的地震和电磁信号，并用扩展的频率-贝塞尔变换方法提取了频散信息。对准静态震电信号频散特性的研究表明，在地下界面由瑞雷波诱发、经历振幅衰减后在地表被接收的隐失震电波也能够反映瑞雷波的频散特性，能够提供地震波场中缺失的部分高阶模式频散信息；综合利用地震和震电数据，可以提取到包含更多高阶模式和具有更宽频带的面波频散信息。进一步地，本文讨论了一些影响因素以探究隐失震电波的可探测性，也提出了地震与震电面波频散联合分析的潜在应用。本项关于震电面波频散特性的研究成果有望为利用面波频散进行固体地球介质横波速度结构成像提供更多信息，对于面波方法和震电方法都具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。

  分布式声波传感（Distributed Acoustic Sensing, DAS）技术是近年来迅猛发展的一种基于光纤的新型地震观测技术，具有低成本、多尺度、可重复和超密集地震观测等优点。不同于常规观测技术（采集地震位移场或速度场），DAS技术观测地震应变场或应变率场的响应。目前，如何从DAS地震数据中准确提取面波频散信息在理论上还没有清晰的认识。本文从单力点源角度出发，提出了多源多分量地震位移场、速度场、应变场和应变率场对应的频率-贝塞尔变换方法。数值模拟研究表明，综合利用多源多分量地震数据可以提取到更加丰富的面波频散信息；速度场和应变率场中的面波频散信息既有相似性也有差异；速度场比应变率场呈现了更宽频带的高阶模式频散信息。本项关于面波频散提取的研究成果为从常规观测技术和新型DAS观测技术采集的地震数据中提取高质量的面波频散信息提供了理论基础。

  为了研究介质各向异性和粘弹性对地震面波的影响，本文发展了相应的地震面波正演模拟方法。从广义各向异性粘弹性本构关系出发，本文推导了三维粘弹性垂向横向各向同性（Vertical Transversely Isotropic，VTI）介质一阶速度-应力波动方程。将结合了标准交错网格有限差分算法、应力镜像法自由表面边界条件、多轴完美匹配层吸收边界条件等的数值模拟方案用于求解该波动方程，本文发展了粘弹性VTI介质地震面波三维有限差分波场数值模拟方法。从粘弹性VTI介质动力学方程出发，利用广义反透射系数方法推导了地震面波的久期函数族。进一步采用局部优化的方法来反演面波复波数，本文发展了粘弹性VTI介质地震面波频散曲线正演模拟方法。本项关于面波正演模拟的研究成果为进行粘弹性VTI介质中的正反演研究和应用提供了基础，对于丰富和完善面波正演理论具有较强的借鉴意义。

  基于发展的地震面波正演模拟方法和频散信息提取方法，本文研究了速度场和应变率场中的面波在粘弹性VTI介质中的频散与衰减特性。研究表明，介质的速度各向异性会使瑞雷波频散信息在频率方向的分布范围发生变化，而使勒夫波频散信息在相速度方向的分布范围发生变化。介质的粘弹性使得地震波的振幅显著衰减，高频分量比低频分量衰减更加剧烈；面波相速度表现出额外的频散特征，即介质粘弹性引起的频散；面波存在多模式衰减系数频散曲线；面波频散谱呈现出低分辨率的特征。介质的衰减各向异性改变了介质粘弹性对面波的影响程度。本文也推导了地震面波相速度和衰减系数对粘弹性介质参数的敏感函数，并进行了敏感性分析。分析发现，面波相速度和衰减系数对横波速度和横波品质因子更加敏感。本项关于地震面波频散与衰减特性的研究成果有助于更好地认识地震面波在实际地球介质中的传播特征，对于各向异性或/和粘弹性介质理论框架下面波方法的建立和发展具有重要的推动作用。

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