Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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2022-07-01

10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00122-X

The Lancet Planetary Health   影响因子和分区

2542-5196

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM. Interpretation: Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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其他

2-s2.0-85134425745

Scopus

1.Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation,University of Washington,Seattle,United States
2.Department of Health Metrics Sciences,School of Medicine,University of Washington,Seattle,United States
3.Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,University of Washington,Seattle,United States
4.Research,Insights,and Innovation,Seattle,United States
5.Health Effects Institute,Boston,United States
6.School of Public Health,Boston University,Boston,United States
7.Department of Juridical and Economic Studies,La Sapienza University,Rome,Italy
8.Department of Population Medicine,Cardiff University,Cardiff,United Kingdom
9.Sport Science Department,University of Extremadura,Badajoz,Spain
10.School of Public Health,Imperial College London,London,United Kingdom
11.Department of Primary Care and Public Health,Imperial College London,London,United Kingdom
12.Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center,Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research,Rochester,United States
13.John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine,Washington University in St. Louis,St. Louis,United States
14.Clinical Epidemiology Center,US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA),St Louis,United States
15.Health Management and Economics Research Center,Iran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
16.Department of Health Economics,Iran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
17.Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center,Iran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
18.Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center,Iran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
19.Department of Community and Family Medicine,Iran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
20.Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies,Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast),Barranquilla,Colombia
21.Research Group in Health Economics,University of Cartagena,Cartagena,Colombia
22.Department of Biomedical Science,University of Cape Coast,Cape Coast,Ghana
23.Cardiology Department,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy,Bucharest,Romania
24.Department of Anatomy and Embryology,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy,Bucharest,Romania
25.Department of Statistics and Econometrics,Bucharest University of Economic Studies,Bucharest,Romania
26.Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,Tabriz,Iran
27.Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute,Agricultural Research,Education,and Extension Organization (AREEO),Tehran,Iran
28.Department of Public Health,Birmingham City University,Birmingham,United Kingdom
29.Public Health and Healthcare Management,Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education,Tashkent,Uzbekistan
30.Boston Children's Hospital,Boston,United States
31.Department of Hypertension,Medical University of Lodz,Lodz,Poland
32.Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute,Lodz,Poland
33.Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research,Australian Catholic University,Melbourne,Australia
34.Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH),Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
35.T.H. Chan School of Public Health,Harvard University,Boston,United States
36.Division of General Internal Medicine,Harvard University,Boston,United States
37.School of Public Health,Dr. D. Y. Patil University,Mumbai,India
38.Jazan University,Jazan,Saudi Arabia
39.Social Determinants of Health Research Center,Lorestan University of Medical Sciences,Khorramabad,Iran
40.Department of Neurology,University Hospital of Dijon,Dijon,France
41.Dijon Stroke Registry - UFR Sciences Santé,University of Burgundy,Dijon,France
42.Nuffield Department of Population Health,University of Oxford,Oxford,United Kingdom
43.Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health,University of Oxford,Oxford,United Kingdom
44.Department of Internal Medicine,University of São Paulo,São Paulo,Brazil
45.Hubert Department of Global Health,Emory University,Atlanta,United States
46.Butte County Department of Public Health,Chico,United States
47.Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics,National Institute of Biomedical Genomics,Kalyani,India
48.Department of Statistics,University of Calcutta,Kolkata,India
49.Social Determinants of Health Research Center,Babol University of Medical Sciences,Babol,Iran
50.Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties,University of Catania,Catania,Italy
51.Department of Veterinary Medicine,Islamic Azad University,Kermanshah,Iran
52.Institute for Medical Information Processing,Biometry,and Epidemiology,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich,Munich,Germany
53.Institute of Epidemiology,German Research Center for Environmental Health,Neuherberg,Germany
54.Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research,German Cancer Research Center,Heidelberg,Germany
55.School of Public Health and Health Systems,University of Waterloo,Waterloo,Canada
56.Al Shifa School of Public Health,Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital,Rawalpindi,Pakistan
57.Internal Medicine Department,Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires),Buenos Aires,Argentina
58.Board of Directors,Buenos Aires,Argentina
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61.Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO),University of Porto,Porto,Portugal
62.Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV),University of Porto,Porto,Portugal
63.School of Public Health,University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong
64.Department of Community Medicine,Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences,Sawangi,India
65.Saveetha Medical College,Saveetha University,Chennai,India
66.Population Research Centre,Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics,Pune,India
67.Department of Population Studies,Mumbai,India
68.International Institute for Population Sciences,Mumbai,India
69.Division of Biomedical Informatics,Seoul National University Hospital,Seoul,South Korea
70.Center for Biomedicine and Community Health,VNU-International School,Hanoi,Viet Nam
71.Indian Institute of Public Health,Gurugram,India
72.Public Health Foundation of India,Gurugram,India
73.Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi,India
74.Department of Health Metric Sciences,School of Medicine,University of Washington,Seattle,United States
75.Institute for Health Metric and Evaluations,University of Washington,Seattle,United States
76.Toxoplasmosis Research Center,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
77.Department of Immunology,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
78.Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center,Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences,Sari,Iran
79.Health Research Institute,Al Farabi Kazakh National University,Almaty,Kazakhstan
80.The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health,Monash University,Melbourne,Australia
81.Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine,Monash University,Melbourne,Australia
82.School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine,Monash University,Melbourne,Australia
83.Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences,Bahir Dar University,Bahir Dar,Ethiopia
84.Center for Nutrition and Health Research,National Institute of Public Health,Cuernavaca,Mexico
85.Department of Community Medicine,University of Peradeniya,Peradeniya,Sri Lanka
86.Health Research Section,Nepal Health Research Council,Kathmandu,Nepal
87.Center of Complexity Sciences,National Autonomous University of Mexico,Mexico City,Mexico
88.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics,Autonomous University of Sinaloa,Culiacán Rosales,Mexico
89.Development of Research and Technology Center,Ministry of Health and Medical Education,Tehran,Iran
90.Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology,Federal University of Rio Grande Dosul,Porto Alegre,Brazil
91.Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo,Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research,Cairo,Egypt
92.Multiple Sclerosis Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
93.Non-communicable Diseases Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
94.Department of Environmental Health Engineering,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
95.Hematology,Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
96.Digestive Diseases Research Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
97.Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
98.Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
99.Cancer Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
100.Cancer Biology Research Center,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
101.College of Medicine,Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
102.Department of Environmental Health Engineering,Ardabil University of Medical Science,Ardabil,Iran
103.Psychiatry Department,Kaiser Permanente,Fontana,United States
104.School of Health Sciences,A.T. Still University,Mesa,United States
105.Institute of Public Health,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin),Berlin,Germany
106.Institute of Gerontology,National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine
107.School of Public Health,Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,Qazvin,Iran
108.Warwick Medical School,University of Warwick,Coventry,United Kingdom
109.Family Medicine Research Center,Ministry of Health,Hail,Saudi Arabia
110.Hudson College of Public Health,University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,Oklahoma City,United States
111.Department of Health and Social Affairs,Government of the Federated States of Micronesia,Palikir,Federated States of Micronesia
112.Department of Epidemiology,Binzhou Medical University,Yantai City,China
113.Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,University of South Carolina,Columbia,United States
114.Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition,BRAC University,Dhaka,Bangladesh
115.Department of Quantitative Economics,Maastricht University,Maastricht,Netherlands
116.Department of Family and Community Medicine,Arabian Gulf University,Manama,Bahrain
117.School of Health and Environmental Studies,Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University,Dubai,United Arab Emirates
118.Medical School,University of Western Australia,Perth,Australia
119.Department of Neurology,Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital,Perth,Australia
120.Department of Healthcare Management,Maragheh University of Medical Sciences,Maragheh,Iran
121.Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Maragheh University of Medical Sciences,Maragheh,Iran
122.Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care,University Hospital Antwerp,Antwerp,Belgium
123.Department of Public Health,Mizan-Tepi University,Mizan Teferi,Ethiopia
124.Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research,University of Oulu,Oulu,Finland
125.Department of Pediatrics,University of Texas Austin,Austin,United States
126.Department of Pharmacology,Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited,Tangail,Bangladesh
127.College of Science and Engineering,Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Doha,Qatar
128.
129.Department of Environmental Health Engineering,Guilan University of Medical Sciences,Rasht,Iran
130.Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University,St. Petersburg,Russian Federation
131.Institute of Comparative Economic Studies,Hosei University,Tokyo,Japan
132.Department of Community Medicine,Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital,Delhi,India
133.Department of Community Medicine,Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi,India
134.Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel,Basel,Switzerland
135.Department of Ophthalmology,Heidelberg University,Mannheim,Germany
136.Department of Family Medicine and Public Health,University of Opole,Opole,Poland
137.Environmental Health Department,Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,Ahvaz,Iran
138.Social Determinants of Health Research Center,Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,Ahvaz,Iran
139.Department of Public Health,Jordan University of Science and Technology,Irbid,Jordan
140.Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Health Services Academy,Islamabad,Pakistan
141.Department of Population Science,Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University,Mymensingh,Bangladesh
142.Faculty of Health and Wellbeing,Sheffield Hallam University,Sheffield,United Kingdom
143.College of Arts and Sciences,Ohio University,Zanesville,United States
144.National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute,Cairo University,Cairo,Egypt
145.School of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Xiamen University Malaysia,Sepang,Malaysia
146.Department of Nutrition,Simmons University,Boston,United States
147.School of Health Sciences,Kristiania University College,Oslo,Norway
148.Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences,Tulane University,New Orleans,United States
149.Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College London,London,United Kingdom
150.Department of Public Health,University of Helsinki,Helsinki,Finland
151.School of Public Health,The University of Queensland,Herston,Australia
152.
153.Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine,Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences,Srinagar,India
154.Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM),Sant Boi de Llobregat,San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park,Spain
155.Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA),Barcelona,Spain
156.Department of Demography,University of Montreal,Montreal,Canada
157.Department of Social and Preventive Medicine,University of Montreal,Montreal,Canada
158.University of Environment and Sustainable Development,Somanya,Ghana
159.International Society Doctors for the Environment,Arezzo,Italy
160.Department of Health Sciences,University of Leicester,Leicester,United Kingdom
161.Department of Environmental Health Engineering,Hamadan University of Medical Sciences,Hamadan,Iran
162.Oxford University Clinical Research Unit,Wellcome Trust Asia Programme,Hanoi,Viet Nam
163.Department of Medicine,University of Malaya,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
164.Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin,Hong Kong
165.School of Public Health,University of Haifa,Haifa,Israel
166.Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital,Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and General Hospital,Guangzhou,China
167.Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital,Southern University of Science and Technology,Guangzhou,China
168.Institute of Nutritional Sciences,Friedrich Schiller University Jena,Jena,Germany
169.Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (NutriCARD),Jena,Germany
170.Grants,Innovation and Product Development Unit,South African Medical Research Council,Cape Town,South Africa
171.Cochrane South Africa,South African Medical Research Council,Cape Town,South Africa
172.Department of Clinical Physiology,Tribhuvan University,Kathmandu,Nepal
173.Environmental Health Research Center,Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences,Sanandaj,Iran
174.Non-communicable Disease Research Center,Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,Shiraz,Iran
175.Institute for Social Science Research,The University of Queensland,Indooroopilly,Australia
176.Doheny Eye Institute,University of California Los Angeles,Los Angeles,United States
177.Faculty of Public Health,Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University),Surabaya,Indonesia
178.Indonesian Public Health Association,Surabaya,Indonesia
179.Department of Pharmacy,Wollo University,Dessie,Ethiopia
180.Department of Environmental Health,Wollo University,Dessie,Ethiopia
181.Forensic Medicine Division,Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University,Dammam,Saudi Arabia
182.Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit,Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic,Zagreb,Croatia
183.University Centre Varazdin,University North,Varazdin,Croatia
184.Center for Innovation in Medical Education,Pomeranian Medical University,Szczecin,Poland
185.Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension,Pomeranian Medical University,Szczecin,Poland
186.Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation,Calverton,United States
187.School of Public Health,Curtin University,Perth,Australia
188.Global Institute of Public Health,Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute,Trivandrum,India
189.Women's Social and Health Studies Foundation,Trivandrum,India
190.Internal Medicine Programme,Kyrgyz State Medical Academy,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan
191.Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease,National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan
192.Health Systems and Policy Research Unit,Ahmadu Bello University,Zaria,Nigeria
193.Department of Health Care Management,Technical University of Berlin,Berlin,Germany
194.Department of Diabetology,Madras Diabetes Research Foundation,Chennai,India
195.Department of Diabeteology,Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre,Chennai,India
196.Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit,Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health,Trieste,Italy
197.Computer,Electrical,and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,Thuwal,Saudi Arabia
198.Federal Institute for Population Research,Wiesbaden,Germany
199.Center for Population and Health,Wiesbaden,Germany
200.Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism,Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research,Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital,Kolkata,India
201.Department of Pediatric Medicine,The Children's Hospital,The Institute of Child Health,Multan,Pakistan
202.Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology,Institute of Mother & Child Care,Multan,Pakistan
203.Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,Mekelle University,Mekelle,Ethiopia
204.Saveetha Dental College,Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS),Chennai,India
205.Comprehensive Cancer Center,University of Alabama at Birmingham,Birmingham,United States
206.Suraj Eye Institute,Nagpur,India
207.Cardio-Aid,Bucharest,Romania
208.Public Health Department,Universitas Negeri Semarang (State University of Semarang),Kota Semarang,Indonesia
209.Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics,Taipei Medical University,Taipei,Taiwan
210.Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders,University of Adelaide,Adelaide,Australia
211.School of Public Health,University of Adelaide,Adelaide,Australia
212.Translational Health Research Institute,Western Sydney University,Sydney,Australia
213.Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences,McMaster University,Hamilton,Canada
214.Department of Psychiatry,University of Lagos,Lagos,Nigeria
215.Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,University of Nigeria Nsukka,Enugu,Nigeria
216.Department of Medicine,Autonomous University of Madrid,Madrid,Spain
217.Department of Nephrology and Hypertension,The Institute for Health Research Foundation,Jiménez Díaz University Hospital,Madrid,Spain
218.Department of Medicine,University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria
219.Department of Medicine,University College Hospital,Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria
220.Department of Respiratory Medicine,Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research,Mysore,India
221.Privatpraxis,Heidelberg,Germany
222.Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine,Kosin University,Busan,South Korea
223.University Medical Center Groningen,University of Groningen,Groningen,Netherlands
224.School of Economics and Business,University of Groningen,Groningen,Netherlands
225.Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center,Alborz University of Medical Sciences,Karaj,Iran
226.College of Medicine,University of Central Florida,Orlando,United States
227.School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions,Federation University Australia,Berwick,Australia
228.School of Nursing and Midwifery,La Trobe University,Melbourne,Australia
229.Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance,Suri,India
230.Department of Economics,University of Göttingen,Göttingen,Germany
231.Research Department,Policy Research Institute,Kathmandu,Nepal
232.Health and Public Policy Department,Global Center for Research and Development,Kathmandu,Nepal
233.Iran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
234.School of Health,Medical and Applied Sciences,CQ University,Sydney,Australia
235.School of Medicine,Western Sydney University,Campbelltown,Australia
236.Translational Health Research Institute,Western Sydney University,Campbelltown,Australia
237.Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment,University of the Azores,Angra do Heroísmo,Portugal
238.Department of Clinical Research,Federal University of Uberlândia,Uberlândia,Brazil
239.Department of Epidemiology,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran
240.Sharjah Institute for Medical Research,University of Sharjah,Sharjah,United Arab Emirates
241.Applied Biomedical Research Center,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran
242.Biotechnology Research Center,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad,Iran
243.Clinical Research Division,Chest Research Foundation,Pune,India
244.Department of Entomology,Ain Shams University,Cairo,Egypt
245.Department of Surgery,Marshall University,Huntington,United States
246.Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine,Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland,United States
247.Department of Health and Society,Faculty of Medicine,University of Applied and Environmental Sciences,Bogota,Colombia
248.National School of Public Health,Carlos III Health Institute,Madrid,Spain
249.School of Public Health and Community Medicine,University of New South Wales,Sydney,Australia
250.The George Institute for Global Health,Sydney,Australia
251.
252.Centre for Medical Informatics,University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh,United Kingdom
253.National Institute of Infectious Diseases,Tokyo,Japan
254.Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,Helsinki,Finland
255.The Cooper Institute,Dallas,United States
256.Hull York Medical School,University of Hull,Hull City,United Kingdom
257.Department of Medicine,University of Valencia,Valencia,Spain
258.Carlos III Health Institute,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM),Madrid,Spain
259.Pediatric Intensive Care Unit,King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
260.Department of Public Health and Community Medicine,Central University of Kerala,Kasaragod,India
261.Institute of Public Health,Jagiellonian University Medical College,Kraków,Poland
262.Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System,Warsaw,Poland
263.Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine,Nanyang Technological University,Singapore,Singapore
264.Department of Life Sciences,University of Management and Technology,Lahore,Pakistan
265.Pakistan Council for Science and Technology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Islamabad,Pakistan
266.Velez Sarsfield Hospital,Buenos Aires,Argentina
267.UKK Institute,Tampere,Finland
268.Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology,Tampere University,Tampere,Finland
269.Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences,University of Bologna,Bologna,Italy
270.Occupational Health Unit,Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital,Bologna,Italy
271.Foundation University Medical College,Foundation University Islamabad,Islamabad,Pakistan
272.School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences,King's College London,London,United Kingdom
273.NIHR Biomedical Research Centre,Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital and Kings College London,London,United Kingdom
274.Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases,University of Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan
275.Department of Neuropsychopharmacology,National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry,Kodaira,Japan
276.Department of Public Health,Juntendo University,Tokyo,Japan
277.Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,Wuhan University,Wuhan,China
278.Maternal and Child Health Division,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,Bangladesh,Dhaka,Bangladesh
279.School of Public Health,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China
280.Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control,Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China
281.School of Population and Public Health,University of British Columbia,Vancouver,Canada
282.Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences,Kermanshah,Iran
283.Population Health Research Institute,McMaster University,Hamilton,Canada
284.

Burkart，Katrin,Causey，Kate,Cohen，Aaron J.,等. Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J]. The Lancet Planetary Health,2022,6(7):e586-e600.

Burkart，Katrin.,Causey，Kate.,Cohen，Aaron J..,Wozniak，Sarah S..,Salvi，Devashri Digvijay.,...&Brauer，Michael.(2022).Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.The Lancet Planetary Health,6(7),e586-e600.

Burkart，Katrin,et al."Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019".The Lancet Planetary Health 6.7(2022):e586-e600.