基于古地磁和物源分析的南海与菲律宾海协同演化研究

新生代以来，东亚及邻近海域发生了重大构造与环境变化。南海和菲律宾海地理位置十分独特，位于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和澳大利亚板块的交汇区域，研究其协同构造演化不仅对东南亚和西太平洋地区的古环境研究具有重大意义，而且是深入理解该区矿产资源分布和边缘海形成机制等重大地学问题的基础。

随着国际大洋钻探计划在南海与菲律宾海的开展，基于在这两个海盆获取的海底钻探资料，前人构建了诸多南海与菲律宾海的演化模型。但以往的研究偏重在南海或者菲律宾海单一海盆，缺少对二者协同演化关系进行系统探索。因此，也就无法准确地理解南海与菲律宾海的古地理格局，更无法深入理解该区演化的深部动力学机制。

为了解决这一难题，本论文对菲律宾海四国盆地沉积年龄最老的ODP 1177孔进行了系统的古地磁学和物源研究，通过与南海同时期的古纬度和物源信息进行对比，厘定了菲律宾海四国盆地和南海的协同扩张以及分离过程。

古地磁学方法可确定板块的古地理位置。首先，对ODP 1177孔进行岩石磁学分析。通过磁化率随温度变化曲线（χ-T曲线）、磁滞回线、等温剩磁获得曲线（IRM曲线）、一阶反转曲线图（FORC图），综合揭示了该孔的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿，部分层位还含有赤铁矿。这些磁性矿物可以有效地记录古地磁信息。其次，对98块沉积样品进行系统的交变退磁，其中51块样品获得了可靠的特征剩磁倾角。最后，基于以上数据获得了ODP 1177孔~20 Ma（Million years ago-百万年前）以来的古纬度：16.0°±4.5°N (20.3 Ma)、17.1°±3.8°N (17.0 Ma)、19.4°±4.0°N (13.5 Ma)、20.1°±3.5°N (9.2 Ma)。南海形成以来，华南地块的古纬度相对稳定。因此，南海北部磁异常条带的位置可作为地质历史时期南海扩张中心的位置。其中北部磁异常条带6a形成的时代也恰好在~20 Ma，其东缘的纬度约为16.0°N， 与菲律宾海四国盆地同时期的古纬度相当。这一结果支持前人提出的南海与菲律宾海四国盆地在~20 Ma时靠得较近的古地理重建模型。

利用碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、主微量元素分析、Sr-Nd同位素分析以及磁性矿物示踪等方法，对ODP 1177孔浊积粉砂岩和泥岩的物源进行了系统研究。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示该孔18.6 Ma沉积的浊积粉砂岩的锆石年龄谱与珠江口同时代地层的锆石年龄谱最为一致，指示其物源来自于珠江的远源供给，与南海的物源一致。而在15.4 Ma，ODP 1177孔的浊积岩中有来自长江的物源，表明18.6-15.4 Ma之间物源发生重大转换。进一步分析表明，22-14 Ma期间泥岩的主微量元素、Nd同位素以及磁性矿物参数（L-ratio、S-ratio、χARM/SIRM、P425 nm）均在~16.5 Ma出现一个转折点。利用赤铁矿（Hm）和针铁矿（Gt）的含量比值参数Hm/Gt作为古气候环境干旱湿润程度的代用指标，排除了古气候环境对上述地球化学参数和磁性矿物参数的控制作用。因此，ODP 1177孔物源的转换时间可较为精准地厘定在~16.5 Ma。Sr-Nd同位素分布特征则进一步指示~16.5 Ma之前ODP 1177孔的泥岩物源来自珠江和伊豆-小笠原岛弧，之后转变为长江和伊豆-小笠原岛弧物质的混合。

通过以上古地磁和物源分析，结合南海与菲律宾海四国盆地的形成时代、洋壳展布、基底玄武岩特征以及周缘板块的约束等一系列地质证据，构建了南海与菲律宾海协同演化的新模型：南海与菲律滨海四国盆地在~20 Ma乃至两个盆地形成之初 (33-30 Ma) 就处于同一个海底扩张系统，具有地质上的亲缘性。在23/20 Ma，澳大利亚板块与东南亚地块发生碰撞，导致了菲律宾海四国盆地与南海开始发生分离。在~16.5 Ma之前，两个盆地未完全分离，四国盆地接受来自珠江和伊豆-小笠原岛弧的联合供源；~16.5 Ma之后，两个盆地彻底分离，四国盆地开始接受来自长江和伊豆-小笠原岛弧的混合供源。这一新模型，澄清了现今在地理上已经独立的南海与菲律宾海四国盆地的地质协同演化历史。一方面能解释南海“东宽西窄”和菲律宾海四国盆地“北宽南窄”这一地质现象，另一方面也能解释南海在~23 Ma前后扩张方向由近N-S向转变到NNW-SSE向。

综上所述，本文取得了以下三点创新认识。一是获取了菲律宾海四国盆地最老沉积钻孔ODP 1177孔的古纬度数据，为前人提出的南海在~20 Ma靠近菲律宾海四国盆地的古地理重建模型提供了古地磁证据。二是识别了前人在ODP 1177孔中未发现的来自珠江的沉积物源，并发现了前人未察觉到的~16.5 Ma这一物源转换时间。三是建立了南海与菲律宾海协同演化的新模型，揭示了南海在~20 Ma乃至形成之初的33-30 Ma就与菲律宾海四国盆地连在一起协同扩张。本文提出的这一新模型对加深东南亚以及西太平洋地区构造古地理环境的认识具有重要科学意义。

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