Self-templated microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of two-dimensional holey hydroxyapatite nanosheets for efficient heavy metal removal

Heavy metals have caused serious environmental problems and threat to human health. Ultrathin and holey two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets have recently drawn significant attention as superb adsorbent material to remove heavy metal ions due to their unique physicochemical properties. Herein, we report a self-template-directed ultrafast reaction route to synthesis porous hydroxyapatite (Ca(PO)(OH)) nanosheets via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method using poly(allylamine hydrochloride) as an additive. The resulting hydroxyapatite nanosheets showed a high specific surface area (92.9 m g) and excellent adsorption performance for various heavy metal ions including Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II), with maximum adsorption capacities of 210.5, 31.6, and 24.9 mg g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics fitted well with the pseudo-second-order equation and the equilibrium data showed a high correlation coefficient with the Langmuir model. Based on the experimental results and analysis, we can conclude that the sorption of heavy metal ions with the hydroxyapatite nanosheets mainly attributes to surface complexation and cation exchange. The present synthetic strategy allows the fast and massive production of porous hydroxyapatite ultrathin nanosheets and may also potentially be applicable to the fabrication of other metal phosphates with assembled or hierarchical porous structures towards various applications such as water purification.