频率-贝塞尔变换在风暴期间面波提取和矿区面波勘探中的应用

地震背景噪声成像作为二十一世纪地震学领域一项革命性的技术，过去近二
十年间学者们在该领域取得了长足进展。其本质上为对两个接收器的噪声记录或
者地震尾波做互相关可以近似为这两点间的格林函数。相比于地震激发-台站接收
的传统方法，该技术克服了地震时空分布不均的缺点，为地震成像研究带来前所
未有之空间分辨率。除长时间的背景噪声外，强风暴活动期间产生的背景噪声很
少用来研究地下结构，且前人的工作中未系统地分析这期间所提取信息的可靠性。
此外，风暴期间多阶面波信噪比变化与其活动关系也尚未得到探讨。最后，各类
地震台阵方法在矿区密集阵列成像中得适用性亦需进行探究与测试，以期找到合
适的阵列成像方法。
本文根据美国东南海岸的数据通过对比不同处理背景噪声的方法和提取频散
曲线的阵列技术组合结果，发现将频率-时间归一化算法和频率-贝塞尔（frequency-
Bessel, F-J）变换相结合不仅能提取较宽频带的基阶频散曲线，且频散曲线分辨率
也较高。通过分析不同旅行路径的飓风，本文揭示了在海岸和大陆架行进的飓风
期间提取的频散曲线信噪比高于在岸上和深海活动的飓风期间的结果。通过风暴
期间提取的频散数据估计的速度结构与整年噪声数据结果进行对比，本文发现两
者在地壳及上地幔中剪切波速度差异小于0.1km/s，进而验证了风暴期间频散数据
的可靠性。
另外，本文利用F-J 变换方法于两个台风活动期间从蒙古国境内的地震台阵提
取ZZ、RR 和TT 分量高阶面波频散曲线，考虑到台风与风速和海浪活动高度密切
相关，故计算了频散曲线强度分别与风速和海浪有效波高两个因素之间的相关系
数的地理分布。结果显示在0.1Hz 以下（第一类地脉动频带）频散曲线强度与风速和有效波高之间相关性较弱，在0.1Hz 以上（第二类地脉动频带）时，ZZ 分量各阶频散曲线强度与风速之间的较大相关系数的地理分布与台风活动区域相近，RR分量基阶频散曲线强度亦如此，但TT 分量对应数据相关性则不明显。另一方面各个分量频散曲线强度与有效波高之间较大相关系数的地理分布与台风活动区域相去甚远。本文结果表明台风与0.1Hz 以上的Rayleigh 波的激发关系密切，但Love波的产生与台风活动关系不明显，该结果进一步说明台风期间Rayleigh 波和Love波的产生机制存在差异。本研究根据频散曲线强度与风速之间的相关性对面波信号的噪声源进行定位，这为今后探讨面波噪声源定位问题提供了新思路。

最后本文根据频率-贝塞尔变换阵列叠加方法可有效拓宽频散曲线频带及提高
频散谱中频散曲线分辨率这两项优势对两个矿区开展了密集阵列的被动源面波勘
探研究，并揭示了位于美国和加拿大交界的Marathon 小镇矿区于500 至1000m 深度存在一高速辉长岩侵入体，同时推断了基性岩浆由西向东侵入，并为该矿区铂铜矿成因探讨提供资料。另外本文发现芬兰得Kylylahti 矿区中包含一个延伸至约300m 深度且非常陡峭的低速岩体，且剪切波速度水平切片展示的波速差异分布与地表岩性波速分布符合得较好。本文通过以上两个矿区勘探例子说明F-J 变换方法在被动源面波探矿领域具有很好的应用前景，并可为矿产估计及开采提供重要的参考依据。

Seismic ambient noise tomography (SANT) has far-reaching applications at exploration,regional, continental and global scales in past two decades since this revolutionary technique was proposed. The cross-correlation function of seismic records made by two receivers is considered as a virtual seismic signal for which the seismic source is at one
point and the receiver is at another point. SANT attracts researchers’ growing interests in illuminating the earth’s interior because it does not rely on the distribution of earthquakes compared with traditional earthquake-based data. Thus, SANT has unparalleled horizontal spatial resolution, to some extent, depending on the spacings between seismic stations. Besides of long-range ambient noise, data during energetic storms are rarely used to investigate earth’s structure, and the reliability of dispersion data during storm period has never been systematically validated. Furthermore, the relation between multimodal surface waves and strong storms is significant for us to retrieve multimodal dispersion curves for effectively imaging our planet Earth. Finally, superdense seismic arrays precipitate the applications of different array stacking methods. Thus, choosing one suitible array method is crucial for us to illuminate the near surface in mining areas.

This study incorporates the frequency-time normalization and the frequency-Bessel
(F-J) transform for the first time to extract fundamental mode dispersion curves of higher resolution and wider frequency band compared with other combinations of noise normalization and array stacking methods. Furthermore, compared with dispersion curves from hurricanes traveling onshore or in the deepwater, dispersion curves have higher signalto- noise ratios from hurricanes moving near the coast or along the continental shelf. The average dispersion curve obtained from stacked cross-correlations of all used hurricanes agrees closely with that from annual ambient noise. We utilize this average dispersion curve to obtain a reliable shear wave velocity (Vs) model, and this Vs model matches that derived from yearly ambient noise results with an average difference less than 0.1km/s in the crust and uppermost mantle.

During two strong typhoons, we also analyze the relations between ZZ-, RR- and TT-component dispersion curve amplitudes from seismic noise and two variables: wind speed and significant wave height (SWH). Our results show that cross-coefficients between Rayleigh wave dispersion curve amplitudes over 0.1Hz and wind speed are high at the region near the two typhoons, but not for Rayleigh wave dispersion data less than 0.1Hz or Love wave. We find that the region of high cross-coefficients between all dispersion amplitudes and SWH is far from the two typhoons. Our results suggest that the excitation sources of Rayleigh and Love waves are unlikely from the same place. Analyzing the cross-coefficients between dispersion curve amplitudes and wind speed offers us the new idea of locating the noise sources of surface waves, especially for Rayleigh wave.

Finally, we apply the F-J transform to extract reliable Rayleigh wave dispersion curves from super dense seismic arrays at two ore sites taking into consideration the high resolution and broad frequency band of dispersion data by the F-J transform. Utilizing massive dispersion data at Marathon town, the border between the United States and Canada, we find that there is a gabbro intrusion of high Vs at the depth range of 500−1000m and it inserted the stratum from the west to east. On the other hand, we reveal that a obvious low-Vs rock region which reaches at the depth of 300m at Kylylahti region in the southeast of Finland, which matches well with the Vs map of rock types on the surface. Our results suggest that the F-J transform is very promising in the passive surface wave exploration field for mining areas, which can provide important reference basis for mineral evaluation and mining.

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