层状潜水含水层水位波动引起的水气二相流研究

非饱和带具有地质条件复杂，流体与气体共存的特点，是植物生长、降雨入渗以及地表水-地下水相互作用的核心区域。潜水含水层水位波动引起的非饱和带内水气二相流对地下水补给、含水层参数反演、污染物运移、土壤-大气气体交换以及沿海基建稳定性等方面都有着重要的影响，因此在水文、环境与岩土工程等领域中都引起了广泛的重视。然而，在以往的研究中，对潜水含水层水位波动引起的水气二相流进行数值模拟时，相关的非饱和水力参数模型仍需改进、非饱和带地质条件考虑得也尚不周全、对水气二相流的自然诱因的认识也还存在欠缺，亟需对以上问题开展进一步的研究。

本文通过总结水气二相流相关研究成果、考虑非饱和带复杂地质条件以及潜水含水层水位波动的因素，基于二相流运动模型以及计算流体力学数值模拟，就层状潜水含水层水位波动引起的非饱和带内的水气二相流展开了系统研究。本文主要的研究内容包括：

为了提高水气二相流数值模拟的精度，本文提出了一种优化的相对渗透系数模型（Relative Hydraulic Conductivity Model，RHCM），并将其与Assouline土壤水分特征曲线（Soil Water Characteristic Curve，SWCC）结合，构成了闭合解析表达式；同时，本文还将Assouline SWCC与传统的RHCM结合，进一步拓展了基于Assouline SWCC的闭合解析表达式的多样性。经40种土壤实测数据检验，优化的RHCM具有比传统模型更强的预测能力，精度比传统的Mualem模型提高了16.1%。对渗透性较低、渗透系数在1 cm/h以下的土壤，具有更好的预测能力，精度比Mualem模型提高了17.7%。优化的模型与Assouline SWCC结合成闭合解析表达式后，与VGM模型作比较，对全部40种土壤以及低渗透性土壤的预测精度分别提高了31%和33%。

抽水试验是获取含水层水力参数的主要方法之一。在层状潜水含水层中进行抽水试验，忽略空气流的影响可能会对结果造成较大误差。基于上覆低渗透性土层的层状潜水含水层中的抽水试验，本文针对非饱和带内广泛存在的由大颗粒岩块和土壤裂隙所造成的大孔隙优先流（Macropore Preferential Flow，MPF），考虑了MPF对非饱和带内空气流动的影响因素，探究了MPF的存在对含水层水力参数反演的影响。结果表明，MPF会显著降低抽水试验引起的空气负压，最大空气负压降低了58.5%，最大空气负压持续时间减少了94.8%，由空气负压所引起的地下水水位降深曲线的相对误差，最大可以减小38%；MPF的存在降低了空气负压对水力参数反演的影响，含水层饱和渗透系数与给水度的误差最小可以降至0.13%与3.02%；在野外抽水试验中，若非饱和带存在较多的MPF，则可以忽略上层低渗透性地层对含水层水力参数反演结果的影响。

海岸带的波浪运动是引起层状潜水含水层非饱和带内的空气流动的可能原因之一。针对强波浪引起的非饱和带内的水气二相流，利用计算流体力学与水气二相流数值模拟耦合的方法，探究了强波浪引起的海岸带潜水含水层中的地下水位波动对非饱和带内空气流的影响机制。结果表明，非饱和带内的空气压力随波浪一起作周期性的震荡，并不断累积升高，压力突破上覆低渗透性土层后，开始逐渐下降。波浪在含水层内造成的水位波动，随传播距离的增加而逐渐衰减，非饱和带内空气压力的振幅也随之一起减小。波浪的扰动造成了非饱和带内的空气不断向内陆深处传播，使得沿内陆方向的空气压力不断增加，最大空气压力可以达到139.54 Pa。非饱和带内空气流动在水平方向与垂直方向流速相差不大；在低渗透性土层内，空气主要以垂向运动为主，水平方向十分微弱。海岸带地表处的气体交换，以持续排出土壤内空气为主，且在海岸斜坡面上空气通量最大。提高上层低渗透性土壤的渗透性，可以增加通气量，减小非饱和带内空气压力。当海岸内存在MPF时，会极大降低非饱和带内空气压力，最大可降低89%，且在沿海斜坡面上的MPF处，出现了呼吸式的气体交换。

综上所述，本文进一步完善了层状潜水含水层水位波动引起的水气二相流的相关研究，提出了优化的更适用于低渗透性土的RHCM，探究了MPF对层状潜水含水层抽水试验中非饱和带空气流动和含水层水力参数反演的影响，揭示了沿海地区非饱和带内空气流对波浪的响应机制。研究结果丰富了水气二相流相关理论知识，增进了对地下水位波动与空气流相互作用的认知，具有一定的理论意义与工程意义，为后续的水气二相流数值模拟、潜水含水层参数反演以及沿海工程建设提供了一定的科学依据。

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