深圳船舶生活污水时空分布特征与污染物产生总量研究

随着我国航运业的日益发展，船舶生活污水排放可能造成的环境污染受到了国内外研究学者的广泛关注。作为全球第四大港口，深圳港是我国南方最重要的港口之一，对其周边海域船舶生活污水的产生及分布情况进行研究，可以为深圳船舶污染的防控工作提供理论和数据支持，同时对我国其他沿海港口区域具有较高的参考价值。本研究以深圳周边海域为例，基于船舶自动识别系统（Automatic Identification System, AIS）从2017年至2019年共三年的数据，建立了船舶生活污水的高分辨率时空分布模型，系统地研究了深圳周边水域船舶生活污水产生总量及其时空分布特征，解析了不同船舶生活污水产生量差异，分析了研究区域内船舶生活污水中的污染物总量及可能造成的环境影响，并对船舶生活污水的收集与处置提出了相关建议。

本研究的主要结果如下：（1）深圳周边海域的船舶总数共计约为每年1 × 10⁵艘，研究区域内各港区主要功能划分情况的差异是影响各类船舶数量占比以及航行轨迹分布规律的主要原因。（2）研究区域内船舶每年可产生接近1 × 10⁷ m³的生活污水，其中客船占65%，货船约占25%。区域内船舶生活污水主要集中在大铲湾及蛇口港区、维多利亚港区、屯门港区及海天码头范围内。（3）深圳周边船舶灰水的污染物含量以及污染物浓度明显高于以长江为代表的内河流域中的船舶生活污水，但其污染物总量远低于珠江流域的污染物入海通量。在船舶灰水产生较为集中的区域，船舶灰水排放平均每天可使0.05 km²海域内化学需氧量增加1 mg/L，大肠菌群参数增加97,000 CFU/L，严重影响海水水质。由此可见，船舶灰水排放对研究区域整体的宏观影响相对较低，但在短期内对局部海域具有较大的潜在环境影响。（4）本研究建议选取福永水质净化厂、固戍水质净化厂以及盐田水质净化厂作为船舶生活污水的岸上收集点，收集政策可以借鉴的内河区域的相关政策。污水处置方面，本研究对岸上处理和船上处理两种方案进行讨论后，推荐船舶选择船上储存，交付到岸上处理的方式。

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