多量子比特的表征与标定

      量子计算作为一种基于量子力学的新型计算模式，可以大幅提升算力，在量子搜索、量子加解密以及量子模拟等方面有巨大的应用价值。超导量子计算近些年获得了突飞猛进的发展，被公认为是扩展性最好、最有希望实现通用量子计算机的方式之一。通用的超导量子计算机，需要对大量的量子比特进行快速且精确的门操作。对门操作错误率进行表征，是提高门操作精准控制的前提。而随着超导量子计算系统规模的扩大，传统的表征方案，例如过程层析技术和随机基准测试技术，在扩展性方面受到限制，对多比特门操作的错误率进行表征成为当前需要解决的问题。

       周期基准测试和交叉熵基准测试都是较新的表征方案，相比传统表征方案更具有扩展潜力，作者分别使用这两种方式对超导量子多比特线路进行了表征。尤其是周期基准测试，尚未在超导量子计算实验平台被广泛应用。作者研究了表征方案的相关理论，完成了周期基准测试和交叉熵基准测试两款表征软件的编写。在单比特门的表征实验中，使用新编写的两种表征软件得到的保真度，与通过传统的随机基准测试得到的保真度一致，三者的差距都在千分之一左右。在两比特门的表征实验中，每种方案都能得到稳定的保真度，同种方案重复测量的差异在千分之一左右。实验验证了这两种表征软件都有表征单比特门和两比特门的能力。在四比特门的表征实验中，传统方案已不能有效地给出保真度，但是周期基准测试方案仍能得到稳定的表征结果。在对串扰影响进行表征时，交叉熵基准测试能够准确表征出多比特线路中单比特门受到的串扰影响，为多比特线路中单比特门的校准提供了有效的表征工具。

      为了更加高效地完成表征工作，作者先后开发了超导量子计算测控软件以及量子比特自动标定软件，能够将门操作标定缩短近一半的时间。为了能够在不同平台使用相同的表征线路，作者开发了可跨平台的量子表征软件框架，实现了表征线路生成代码的复用。

       超导量子计算实验需要低至10 mK的超低温测试环境，稀释制冷机是唯一可以稳定提供10 mK的超低温设备。但目前稀释制冷机的进口受到国外限制，国内商业稀释制冷机尚未面世，稀释制冷机的国产自主研发，是国内量子计算研究的迫切需求。作者参加了稀释制冷机的国产自主研发工作，开发出稀释制冷机的气体循环处理系统。该系统作为稀释制冷机系统中自动控制的重要组成部分，已经投入使用。在干式稀释制冷机中，冷头的振动会对超导量子芯片产生噪声干扰。为了降低冷头的振动，作者提出了冷头减振设计，该设计已经被安装在稀释制冷机中。

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