卤化物电解质和镍锰酸锂正极在全固态电池中的界面问题研究

锂离子电池具有高能量密度与长循环寿命等优势，被广泛应用于消费电子与 电动汽车等领域。提高锂离子电池能量密度以满足人们对长续航的需求，已成为当 前电池研发的重要目标。电极材料是决定电池容量和能量密度的关键，低成本且高 能量密度的高电压镍锰酸锂被认为是构建高比能锂离子电池的关键材料之一。然 而，镍锰酸锂正极在与有机电解液匹配时，过高的充放电电压可能引发副反应，降 低电池循环性能，这限制了该材料在锂离子电池中的应用。采用稳定性更高的固态 电解质替换有机电解液，不仅可以解决高性能电极材料与电解质的兼容性问题，还 能进一步提高电池的能量密度和安全性。卤化物固态电解质具有高离子电导率、良 好的界面相容性并且易于制备等优点，引起了人们的广泛关注，有望应用于全固态 电池中。本论文针对全固态电池中关键的界面问题，研究了卤化物电解质与常见电 极材料间的化学稳定性，并研究了其与高电压镍锰酸锂匹配应用于全固态电池中 的可行性。 结合X射线衍射与热重分析，研究了卤化物电解质Li2OHCl（LOHC）和Li3InCl6 （LIC）与常见电极材料的化学稳定性。结果显示，LIC 和 LOHC 与 LiCoO2、LiMn2O4 和 Li4Ti5O12 等材料表现出较好的化学稳定性；此外，LIC 还与 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 （LNMO）、Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 表现出较好的化学稳定性。然而，熔融的 LOHC 与 其他电池材料，如 LNMO、LiFePO4、LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2、Si-C 和 Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 发生化学反应。以上结果为设计和优化高界面相容性的卤化物固态电解质基全固 态电池提供了实验基础与可行性选择。 基于镍锰酸锂与卤化物固态电解质的化学稳定性，本文将镍锰酸锂作为正极， 使用 LIC、Li6PS5Cl 作为双层电解质层，Li-In 合金作为负极，装配了全固态电池， 并进行电化学性能测试。镍锰酸锂表现出低的库伦效率和容量，首次库伦效率仅有 50.46%，首次放电比容量仅有 25 mAh g−1。X 射线光电子能谱和电化学测试结果 表明，LIC 在高电压下分解生成不稳定界面相，阻碍了 Li+的迁移，导致电池库伦 效率和容量降低等问题的发生。为应对这一问题，本文采用表面包覆的方法优化了 正极/电解质界面，在 LNMO 表面分别包覆 LiNbO3（LNO）、Li3PO4（LPO），得 到 LNMO@LNO、LNMO@LPO 材料。构筑包覆层的镍锰酸锂首次放电比容量达 到了 60 mAh g−1。近一步分析表明，包覆层 LNO 和 LPO 的构建抑制了 LIC 的分 解反应，稳定了镍锰酸锂的结构，提高了镍锰酸锂全固态电池的循环稳定性、比容 量和库伦效率。以上结论为开发高电压镍锰酸锂固态电池及优化镍锰酸锂与固态电解质界面稳定性提供了策略。

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