膜蒸馏中结垢诱发润湿现象的表征与分析

膜蒸馏技术（membrane distillation，MD）在处理高盐废水的应用中极 具潜力。尽管膜蒸馏能够实现较高的纯水回收率，但微溶盐的结垢现象会 导致蒸汽通量的下降，甚至造成疏水膜孔的润湿。开发有效的策略来缓解 结垢引起的润湿亟需应用新型技术对膜蒸馏中的界面现象进行原位表征分 析 。 因 此 ， 本 研 究 旨 在 探 索 基 于 光 学 相 干 断 层 成 像 （ optical coherence tomography，OCT）技术的表征方法，以原位非侵入的可视化手段深入解 析膜蒸馏过程。 基于 OCT 的表征被用于同时监测进料液和进料-分离膜界面的结晶现象。 表征结果揭示了晶体的表面生长在结垢的初始阶段中发挥着关键作用，而 晶体的主体沉积则主导着结垢层的长期演化。基于 OCT 的表征还被用来追 踪含有晶体的分离膜中应力再分布所引起的分离膜变形；根据 Stoney 方程， 初始沉积会在含晶层中产生拉伸应力而造成分离膜向进料侧方向的弯曲， 随后发生的分离膜弯曲方向的反转表明了在晶体达到高表面覆盖率的情况 下会诱发晶体-分离膜之间的挤压作用。为了建立晶体-分离膜相互作用与膜 蒸馏操作条件之间的关联，本研究对结晶和蒸发的耦合现象进行了模型分 析，以数值模拟的方式揭示膜蒸馏的浓缩速率如何改变进料液中微溶盐所 能达到的最大过饱和度，从而在理论上评估受限生长中晶体对分离膜结构 所施加的结晶压力。实验表征和理论分析都表明，从考虑如何减轻膜蒸馏 中结垢造成的润湿或分离膜结构损伤的角度出发，调控晶体生长（与调控 微溶盐的成核相比）会是更有效的方法。本研究对提升膜蒸馏工艺的抗结 垢性能具有重要的指导意义。 

Membrane distillation (MD) is emerging as a potential technique for treating hypersaline wastewater. Despite the advantage of achieving a relatively high water recovery, scaling of sparingly soluble salts can result in a reduction in the vapor flux and even wetting of the hydrophobic pores. The development of effective strategies for mitigating the scaling-induced wetting entails novel techniques to in-situ characterize interfacial phenomena. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring characterization methods based on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which enables noninvasive visualization in MD processes. The OCT-based characterization was exploited to simultaneously monitor the crystallization in the feed and at the feed-membrane interface; it was revealed that the surface growth could play a key role in initiating the scaling, while the deposition of crystals would dominate the long-term scaling. The OCT-based characterization was also employed to track the deformation resulting from the stress redistribution in the crystal-containing membrane; in terms of the Stoney’s equation, it was revealed that the initial deposition could create tensile stress to bend the membrane toward the feed, while the bending would be reversed to indicate compressive interactions in the regime of achieving a high surface coverage. In order to correlate the crystal-membrane interactions with the operating conditions, the coupled phenomena of crystallization and evaporation were modeled to ascertain how the concentration rate could vary the maximum supersaturation achievable in the feed, which would determine the crystallization pressure of the confined crystals. Both the experimental characterization and theoretical analysis suggested that it should be more effective to regul ate the crystalline growth (in comparison with the nucleation) in the context of alleviating the scaling-induced wetting or structural damage. This study would be of great value for the design of MD processes with improved scaling resistance.

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