三维锂金属负极的一体化结构设计及界面调控

    锂金属具有极高的理论比容量和低的电化学电势，被认为是高能量密度锂电池体系的理想负极材料。 在实用化条件下，锂金属电池需承受≥ 3.0 mAh cm^-2 和≥ 0.3 mA cm^-2（≥ 0.1 C）的循环容量与充电电流。这导致锂金属负极面临严重的枝状锂沉积、界面不稳定和大体积膨胀问题，极大限制了其循环稳定性和使用安全性。针对这些问题，本研究从结构设计和界面调控出发，发展了一类三维锂金属复合负极，解决了锂金属负极的锂枝晶生长、界面不稳定和大体积膨胀问题，并成功构筑了高能量密度的柔性锂金属电池。主要研究内容与结果如下：
    采用机械辊压工艺将钛酸锂纳米颗粒修饰的三维镀铜碳纤维膜和锂镁金属箔紧密复合，实现了梯度导电界面层修饰三维锂金属复合负极（LiMgMEC）的可控制备。通过有效平衡锂金属界面层的离子和电子传输速率，保证了LiMg-MEC负极的无枝晶锂沉积和稳定循环。即使在10.0 mA cm^-2的超大电流密度下，LiMg-MEC 负极的锂沉积行为也仅在界面层内部发生。在低负极/正极容量比例（N/P：4.0）和实用电流密度（1.0/1.0 mA cm^-2，0.33/0.33 C）条件下，LiMg-MEC全电池可稳定运行225圈（容量保持率为80.0%），相比未修饰电池提升一倍有余。
    在实现无枝晶锂沉积的基础上，通过引入多孔层优化了锂金属负极的体积膨胀行为。采用机械辊压工艺将镀锡铜金属化纳米纤维膜与锂箔紧密复合，实现了兼具导电子和亲锂特性纤维多孔层修饰三维锂金属复合负极（LiSnCuPI）的可控制备。通过多孔层纤维表面电子与离子的均化作用和锂沉积位置引导，体积膨胀行为带来的电极厚度增加值降低了36.8%。在低N/P 值（3.0）和高电流密度（4.0/8.0 mA cm^-2，1.21/2.42 C）下，LiSnCuPI全电池稳定运行200圈后容量发挥仍有1.90 mAh cm^-2（保持率为69.9%），展示出优异的大倍率循环性能。
    在实现无枝晶锂沉积和表观低体积膨胀的基础上，通过多孔层孔隙体积量优化，解决了锂金属负极的体积膨胀问题。采用机械辊压工艺将含 SEI界面修饰化学成分的绝缘聚合物上层、高孔隙率的镀铜纤维中间层和锂镁金 属 箔下层紧密复合，实现了具有三明治结构的三维锂金属复合负极（zeroVE-Li）的可控制备。通过三明治电极结构中的梯度导电子、梯度亲锂、SEI 界面化学优化和多孔隙体积的协同作用，解决了锂金属负极的枝晶生长、界面不稳定和大体积膨胀问题，实现了表观零体积膨胀行为和电化学循环稳定性的显著提升。在低 N/P 值（3.6）和大电流密度（2.0/2.0 mA cm^-2，0.54/0.54 C）下，zeroVE-Li全电池可稳定循环200圈（容量保持率为63.0%），相比未修饰电池提升近三倍。
    三维骨架赋予锂金属负极良好的机械柔性，利于高能量密度柔性锂金属电池的构筑。为匹配锂金属负极制备高能量密度柔性锂金属电池，提出了一种仿竹席结构的三维连锁致密柔性正极（LCO-ICTE），解决了常规柔性电极中高面容量与优异机械柔性不兼容的问题。受益于zeroVE-Li负极电化学稳定和表观零体积膨胀等优点，zeroVE-LiǁLCO-ICTE柔性锂金属电池在低N/P值（2.2）和贫电解液用量（3.2 µL mAh^-1）的实用化严苛条件下取得了创当时纪录的柔性品质因子（FOM：45.6）、极高的面能量密度（22.7mWh cm^-2）和体积能量密度（375 Wh L^-1）。该柔性电池与电极的设计理念也适用于构筑其他高能量密度柔性电池（如钠、钾、锌金属电池等），以提高其能量密度和循环稳定性。

    Due to the advantages of the lowest electrochemical potential and ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity, Li metal has been recognized as the ultimate choice of the anode to achieve high energy density batteries. Usually, practical Li metal batteries require an operating capacity and current density of ≥ 3.0 mAh cm^-2 and ≥ 0.3 mA cm^-2 (≥ 0.1 C), respectively. This leads to serious problems such as dendritic Li deposition, interfacial instability, and large volume expansion for Li metal anodes, which severely limit cycling stability and safety. In response to these problems, this study developed a class of three-dimensional (3D) Li metal composite anodes based on structural design and interface regulation, which solved the problems of dendritic Li deposition, interfacial instability, and large volume expansion, and successfully constructed flexible Li metal batteries with high energy density. The main research content and results are as follows:

    By mechanical rolling process, the fiber film modified with Li titanate nanoparticles and lithium-magnesium (LiMg) metal foil was closely combined, and the controllable preparation of 3D Li metal composite anodes (LiMg-MEC) modified with gradient conductive interface layer was realized. By effectively balancing the ion and electron transport rates of the interface layer, the LiMg-MEC anodes achieve dendrite-free and cycling stability. The Li deposition behavior of the LiMg-MEC anodes only occurs in the interface layer even at an extremely high current density of 10.0 mA cm^-2. At a low negative/positive capacity ratio (N/P: 4.0) and practical current density (1.0/1.0 mA cm^-2, 0.33/0.33 C), the LiMg-MEC full cell operated stably for 225 cycles (80.0% of capacity retention), which is more than double that of the blank cell.

    Based on achieving dendrite-free Li deposition, the volume expansion behavior of the Li metal anode is alleviated by introducing a porous layer. By mechanical rolling process, the tin-copper metallized nanofiber film and a Li foil were closely combined, and the controllable preparation of 3D Li metal composite anodes (LiSnCuPI) modified with a conductive and lithiophilic porous layer was realized. Through the homogenization of electrons and ions on the fiber surface and the guidance of Li deposition positions, the increment in electrode thickness caused by volume expansion is reduced by 36.8%. At a low N/P value (3.0) and high current density (4.0/8.0 mA cm^-2, 1.21/2.42 C), LiSnCuPI full cell operated stably for 200 cycles (69.9% of capacity retention), showing the excellent high-rate cycling performance.

    Based on achieving dendrite-free Li deposition and apparent low volume expansion, the problem of large volume expansion of Li metal anodes is solved by optimizing the pore volume of the porous layer. By mechanical rolling process, the upper layer of insulating polymer film containing interfacial modification chemicals, the middle layer of pore-rich copper metalized fiber film, and the lower layer of LiMg foil were closely combined, and the controllable preparation of 3D Li metal composite anodes (zeroVE-Li) with a sandwich structure was realized. Through the synergistic idea of gradient electron conduction, gradient lithiophilicity, optimization of SEI interface, and large porous volume in the sandwich electrode structure, the problems of dendrite growth, interface instability, and large volume expansion of Li metal anodes are solved. And apparent zero-volume expansion behavior and stable cycling are achieved. At a low N/P value (3.6) and high current density (2.0/2.0 mA cm^-2, 0.54/0.54 C), the zeroVE-Li full cell operated stably for 200 cycles (63.0% of capacity retention), which is nearly three times higher than that of the blank cell.

    The 3D skeletons enable excellent mechanical flexibility to the Li metal anode, which benefits the construction of high energy density flexible Li metal batteries. To match the Li metal anode, bamboo mat-like 3D interlocking compact flexible cathodes (LCO-ICTE) were prepared, which solved the problem of incompatibility between high areal capacity and excellent mechanical flexibility in conventional flexible electrodes. Benefiting from the electrochemical stability and apparent zero-volume expansion merit of zeroVE-Li, the zeroVE-LiǁLCO-ICTE flexible Li metal cell achieved high areal energy density (22.7 mWh cm^-2), large whole-cell volumetric energy density (375 Wh L^-1) and record-breaking Figure of Merit (FOM: 45.6) at that time under a practically harsh condition of the low N/P value (2.2) and lean electrolyte dosage (3.2 µL mAh^-1). In principle, the design concept of flexible Li metal batteries is also applicable to constructing other high energy density batteries (e.g., sodium, potassium, and zinc metal batteries, etc.) to enhance their energy density and cycling stability.

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