基于SOBEK水动力模型的城市洪涝及排水系统优化研究--以深圳市沙井河排涝片区为例

在全球气候变暖和城市化进程加快的双重背景下，城市内涝问题日益突出。近年来，针对城市内涝的成因、机制及其预防和治理措施等研究已成为国内外相关领域的热点。深圳作为中国经济最发达的城市之一，极端降雨事件频发和不透水面的快速增加，使得深圳城市内涝问题日益严峻。本文以深圳市茅洲河流域沙井河排涝片区为研究对象，采用SOBEK模型对城市内涝过程进行模拟，识别研究区易涝点，并对易涝区域和现状雨水管网排水能力进行评估。同时，本研究针对深圳沙井河排涝片区现状，设计了两种方案对城市排水系统进行优化，并对两种优化方案进行了有效评估。主要结果如下：

（1）搭建了茅洲河流域沙井河排涝片区的城市内涝模型。利用不同类型的降雨事件对模型进行率定，多数降雨事件中，纳什效率系数超过0.6，模型模拟效果良好。并用“8月28日”降雨事件对模拟内涝情况进行验证，结果表明实测内涝点与模拟内涝点的水深基本吻合，模型满足本研究需求。

（2）对不同重现期下（2年、3年、5年、10年、50年、100年）城市内涝淹没情况进行模拟。研究表明，随着重现期年数的增加，发生溢流的检查井个数、满负荷运行的管道数和城市淹没面积不断增大。与2年一遇相比，100年一遇情景下溢流节点数量和满负荷管道数量增加2倍。此外，本研究以5年一遇重现期为排水标准对研究区进行模拟，研究表明有8个内涝点由于管网排水能力不足造成内涝；5个内涝点由于所在区域地势较低，易发生河水倒灌从而造成内涝。

（3）设计了扩大管径和增加低影响开发措施两种优化方案，利用模型模拟结果比对两种方案对城市内涝的改善效果。结果表明，扩大管径方法可提高管网排水能力，研究区最大淹没水量减少60%，但对于地势较低处效果甚微；而增加低影响开发措施时最大淹没水量减少15%，该方案可提高城市地表下渗能力从而减轻管网排水负担。

本研究对深圳市暴雨内涝灾害研究有重要意义，解释了研究区的内涝成因，并对排水系统的优化提出了针对性的改进措施，有助于保障居民的生活和城市的运行。

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