绿色基础设施环境效益识别及多目标优化决策

在气候变化和快速城市化进程的影响下，内涝灾害、热岛效应等诸多城市环境问题日益突显。绿色基础设施因其具有滞、渗、蓄、用、排等海绵城市功能，且增加了植被覆盖和反照率，在削减径流（水文效益）、降低城市地表温度（降温效益）方面发挥着重要作用。因此，在有限的建设面积和成本投入下，如何综合量化不同绿色基础设施的水文和降温效益，并针对不同未来气候变化情景提出绿色基础设施的最优组合方案，是亟需回答的科学问题。

本研究在南方科技大学校园这一小流域进行了连续的基础数据监测，构建了基于实测气象数据和水力数据的SWMM水文水动力模型，并结合卫星遥感产品Landsat8/9对地表温度的反演，综合量化了生物滞留、绿色屋顶和透水铺装三种绿色基础设施水文效益和降温效益的差异。以全生命周期成本、水文效益和降温效益为目标，基于NSGA-II多目标优化算法和熵权法，提出了研究区在不同情景下布设绿色基础设施的最优组合方案。

结果表明：从水文效益来看，生物滞留、绿色屋顶和透水铺装分别在“蓄”、“排”、“渗”方面表现最佳。中小雨时，雨水下渗占比约75%，径流量占比仅约10%，此时，绿色屋顶削减径流和洪峰效果最佳；大暴雨时，雨水下渗量只占约42%-56%，径流量占比约40%，此时，生物滞留削减径流最佳，透水铺装削减洪峰效果最佳。从降温效益来看，生物滞留和绿色屋顶对周围环境存在降温效益，透水铺装对周围环境的降温效益十分微弱；同时，三者对适宜布设区域均有潜在降温效益，绿色屋顶、透水铺装和生物滞留的降温平均值分别为1.45 ℃、0.66 ℃和0.3 ℃。针对研究区2031-2050年所有未来情景，最优方案为：透水铺装、绿色屋顶和生物滞留的总建设面积分别为8194.6平方米、13225.71平方米和7960.31平方米。

本研究从海绵城市建设功能角度量化了绿色基础设施的水文效益，提出了一种适用于数据有限的小尺度绿色基础设施降温效益的计算方法，为绿色基础设施环境效益评估提供了新思路。同时，提出南方科技大学绿色基础设施建设方案，为海绵校园乃至海绵城市建设提供了理论依据。

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