基于AIS数据的船舶生活污水排放特征与收集策略研究

随着中国航运业的蓬勃发展，船舶生活污水逐渐成为海洋环境的重要 污染源，是我国船舶污染防治的重点之一。针对当前我国在国家和地方层 面对船舶生活污水收集的迫切需求，考虑到现有相关管理措施不够完备， 结合广东省对船舶生活污水的重视程度，本研究以深圳市盐田港为研究区 域 ， 采 用 多 源 数 据 融 合 及 自 下 而 上 的 数 值 模 型 为 主 要 技 术 手 段 ， 基 于Automatic Identification System 搭建了船舶生活污水计算模型，探究了港 口停泊船舶艘次、船舶种类及生活污水产生量在不同时间尺度的变化特征。 通过深入分析各时段生活污水产生量的波动情况，为盐田港停泊船舶生活 污水收集转移方案提出建议，揭示了繁忙时段生活污水收集可能造成的交 通拥堵问题，并提出了可能的解决方案，完善了港口管理办法和措施。

研究结果表明：（1）盐田港 2018 年进港停泊的船舶共 1,509,820 艘 次，在季节和月份上波动较大，所有船舶中货船、集装箱船和拖船共计占 比 89.36%；（2）盐田港 2018 年船舶生活污水产生量为 328,005 m³，季 节、月度和每天的生活污水产生量起伏不定。客船停泊艘次少，生活污水 的产量却最多，占所有船舶的 89.87%，是影响船舶生活污水产生总量波动 的主要因素；（3）生活污水产生量的变化在每天不同时段上呈规律性变化， 大量生活污水集中产生在 00:00-09:00 和 12:00-14:00，其中客船占比最高， 是生活污水收集转移工作的重点；（4）盐田港全年船舶生活污水收集转移 能力应达到 328,005 m³，配备泊位 24 个，收集转移方式建议结合岸边收集 和水上收集经市政污水管网送至污水处理厂；（5）盐田港应配备容积 392 m³的污水储存罐，2 艘 100 m³的污水接收船和 8 辆 2 m³电动收集车，并 根据繁忙时段的不同情况进行调配；（6）港口船舶生活污水收集转移管理 应以数据为核心，建立各职能部门合作体系，完善收费体系与奖惩机制。

本研究从高时间精度层面分析了港口船舶的停泊行为和生活污水排放 需求，揭示了盐田港船舶生活污水收集的需求总量及船舶生活污水收集的 繁忙时间段，为港口污水收集提供了数据和策略支撑。研究方法和体系可 推广至其他港口，为建立全国统一的船舶生活污水收集体系提供实践基础。

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