医用可降解锌锂合金的激光增材制造及原料粉体的影响规律

锌锂合金作为锌基二元合金中具有最高强度的合金之一，兼具先进医用植入体所需的可降解性和生物相容性，但是锌基合金在激光增材制造工艺上存在困难，如：制粉以及保存过程中难以避免氧元素的引入导致其成形性和机械性能恶化；以及金属的低熔沸点导致在加工过程中，金属蒸气会与激光发生作用导致工艺参数难以摸索。本论文旨在使用激光增材制造技术中的选区激光熔化技术（Selective Laser Melting，SLM）对受氧元素污染的锌锂合金粉的成形工艺进行开发，研究了原料粉体对成形等性能的影响规律，并探索了成形性改善的手段。

本论文首先对粉体的氧化壳和它对粉体成形能量的影响进行了表征和研究，探索了单道和致密方块的SLM成形工艺参数，并探究了氧化物夹杂对机械性能的影响。结果表明粉体氧化壳呈现不均匀分布，最薄处与最厚处氧化壳厚度分别高达207.1 nm和300.8 nm，这导致计算得到的SLM所需能量为原始粉末的1.1倍。经过实验验证之后发现氧化壳对成形的作用体现在其他方面，而不是能量上。单道的SLM成形探索发现，在氧化壳的影响下，没有合适的工艺参数窗口能够对单道进行良好的成形。在块体的SLM成形探索中能达到的最高相对密度仅为97.72%。在大量氧化物夹杂的作用下，SLM成形样品的平均硬度为133.9 HV，高于文献所报道的最高硬度，而抗拉强度最高仅为167.48 MPa，对应延伸率为0.53%，两者都低于文献报道的锌锂合金SLM成形件，这是粉体氧化和元素烧损所导致的。

论文还对于改善这种受污染粉体的SLM成形性方法进行了探索，包括使用重熔策略和混合氢化稀土粉末的方法，并测试了SLM成形样品的力学性能。研究发现，重熔策略在锌基合金上不适用，其原因是输入能量过高，会导致熔池聚集，因而产生连续分布的孔隙。而受污染粉体混合极少量氢化钇粉后，能一定程度提升成形性（从97.72%提高到98.40%），但由于钇元素熔点和锌熔点差距大，原位合金化效果不佳，从而导致力学性能存在大幅下降。

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