电解质对石墨/锂金属杂化负极全电池性能的影响机制研究

  着电动交通工具以及储能电站技术的发展，人们对高能量密度和高安全锂离子电池的需求日益迫切。石墨容量已接近理论极限，难以大幅提升锂离子电池的能量密度。锂金属负极比容量高和电化学电位低，但是，锂金属电池存在库伦效率低、制备成本高和安全性差的问题。采用石墨表面析锂可以提升锂离子电池的能量密度，降低成本，可作为锂金属电池现实应用的折中方案。目前，学术界对石墨/锂金属杂化负极的研究较少，其电化学性能仍然不能满足现实需求，其中的电化学机制尚未完全搞清。本论文主要研究了氟代碳酸乙烯酯（FEC）添加剂优化电解液和固态聚合物电解质提升石墨/锂金属杂化负极全电池的循环性能和安全性能。

  通过调节负极与正极的面容量比（N/P），全电池在满电情况下负极侧析出锂金属。电解液中添加FEC可以提升石墨/锂金属杂化负极全电池的循环性能、安全性能以及高温性能。FEC使锂金属表面形成富含氟化锂且均匀致密的固态电解质界面相（SEI），全电池循环后阻抗由50.1 Ω降低至26.6 Ω，提升了界面离子扩散速度，有效抑制锂枝晶的形成。同时，富含氟化锂的SEI高温稳定性提升，有效抑制了高温条件下锂金属与电解液之间的副反应，提高了全电池的库伦效率与循环性能。富含氟化锂的SEI有效抑制了短路状态下负极表面的寄生反应，减少反应热量的释放，提高了电池的安全性能。

  通过原位聚合方案制备了一类添加丁二腈作为增塑剂的聚酯类固态电解质。该电解质在50°C离子电导率可达0.87×10^-3 S cm^-1，氧化电位超过5.5 V，锂离子迁移数达到0.52，同时具有优良的机械强度和热稳定性。固态电解质可以明显地提高库伦效率，抑制锂金属与电解质之间的副反应。匹配石墨/锂金属杂化负极和NCM811正极的全固态电池在25°C和50°C、0.5C的倍率循环120次后可分别释放90.3 mAh g^-1和125.3 mAh g^-1的比容量。50°C条件下，固态石墨/锂金属杂化电池的放电能量密度相对于基于电解液的电池提升2.7倍。

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