东赤道太平洋风尘输入演化记录与生物磁小体之间的响应关系及其古环境意义研究

综合研究陆地-大气-海洋各圈层之间的响应与耦合关系，是深入理解陆地环境和海洋生态对全球气候变化产生影响的重要内容，更是促进地球科学向海陆结合、多学科交叉与多圈层耦合方向系统性发展的重要途径。风尘的产生、释放和沉降过程与气候变化、陆地环境、大气环流和海洋生态等过程密切相关，是双碳背景下进一步了解陆地表生过程与海洋碳循环对全球气候变化产生影响的重要研究对象；也是恢复古大气环流和空气动力学过程的关键记录材料。

新生代以来地球气候经历了剧烈变化，以整体变冷和南北两极相继发育冰盖为基本特征。南极冰盖的出现标志着地球由温室气候向冰室气候的重大转变，称为始新世-渐新世转换（EOT，~34 Ma）。此时全球变冷，地球构造活动、大气循环、陆地环境和海洋生态都发生了重大变化和重组。虽然大气中CO₂含量的降低被认为是引发这次气候事件的最主要原因。但是，当时陆地环境和海洋生态对全球大气CO₂含量变化的反馈和调节机制目前尚不清楚。尤其是关于东赤道太平洋区域是否存在风尘铁肥效应及其海洋生物泵的固碳作用对全球变冷的贡献和影响还存在很大争议。

为了解决上述问题，本论文以岩石磁学为主要手段，同时结合地球化学和显微学分析，对东赤道太平洋IODP 1333孔和ODP 1218孔中晚始新世至早中新世的岩芯沉积物样品进行了系统研究。通过对比岩芯中陆源风尘输入与生物化石磁小体之间的响应关系，综合评估了风尘驱动的大洋生物泵效应与深海环流耦合的海洋碳循环过程对EOT全球变冷的影响和贡献。

利用风尘物源和其携带的源区古环境信息，重建了过去大陆风化与古大气环流的演化历史。结果表明东赤道太平洋晚始新世至早中新世陆源风尘输入的主要来源为亚洲内陆的中亚造山带区域。结合IODP 1334孔前人研究的风尘物源变化信息，可以限定EOT时期热带幅合带（ITCZ）响应于南极冰盖扩张向北径向位移的距离不超过2.5°。研究结果还表明随着全球变冷源区大陆风化作用不断增强，在EOT之后源区硅酸岩化学风化程度增加了一个数量级，大陆风化作用加强提高了陆地环境的固碳能力，有助于大气CO₂含量降低，对EOT全球变冷产生正反馈作用。

利用生物化石磁小体的丰度作为古海洋生物生产力指标，厘清了东赤道太平洋风尘输入与生物生产力之间的响应关系。沉积物中风尘输入含量变化与生物化石磁小体丰度之间高度正相关，说明风尘铁肥效应是影响东赤道太平洋生物生产力的主要因素。虽然风尘输入可以有效刺激该区域的生物泵进而提高海洋的固碳能力，但是EOT之后东赤道太平洋的风尘输入通量快速减少，导致生物泵的固碳效率急剧降低，减缓了大气CO₂含量下降，对EOT全球变冷产生负反馈（缓冲）作用。

利用生物化石磁小体的形貌特征作为古海洋海底通风指标，评估了过去东赤道太平洋海底通风和深海呼吸碳库储量变化情况。岩芯沉积物中拉长度高的子弹头形状化石磁小体比例在EOT后明显升高，表明随着南极冰盖扩张东赤道太平洋海底通风减弱，深海脱氧增强。通过对比同时期南大洋生产力变化和结合其深水形成与洋流演化路径，我们推测这种深海脱氧与南大洋生物生产力的升高有关，反映了海洋内部高-低纬之间由洋流耦合的强烈遥相关作用。特别是南大洋与太平洋之间，南极冰盖扩张使南大洋生物泵效应与深水形成作用明显增强，导致太平洋海底通风明显减弱和深海呼吸碳库储量显著增加，使EOT后海洋的固碳能力提高。更多的呼吸碳被隔离在深海中有助于大气CO₂含量降低，对EOT全球变冷产生正反馈作用。

综上所述，本论文通过利用生物化石磁小体做为古环境重建指标，结合海洋沉积物中陆源风尘输入信息，综合评估了EOT时期大陆风化作用和海洋碳循环过程对全球大气CO₂含量变化的影响和贡献。研究结果表明，生物化石磁小体可以作为可靠的古环境指标对EOT时期的海洋碳循环过程进行重建。此外，源区大陆风化作用与南大洋生物泵效应增强促进了大气CO₂含量下降；而东赤道太平洋风尘铁肥效应和生物泵作用减缓了大气CO₂含量下降的程度。这种同时期相互关联又彼此抵消的碳循环过程为海洋调控全球碳循环过程的不均一性和复杂性提供了例证；也为系统认识南极冰盖扩张时期陆地环境和海洋生态对全球碳循环的调控机制提供了新参考。

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