含有传感单元的预浸料设计与制造

复合材料在实际应用过程中的失效形式具有一定的复杂性和难以预测性，这对复合材料的广泛应用产生了限制。使用传感器系统对复合材料的结构健康状况进行实时监测，可以进一步扩大复合材料的应用范围。相对于表面粘贴的传感器，嵌入式传感器由于受到表层复合材料的保护，减少了外界噪声等环境因素的干扰，更能够反应主体结构的真实情况。然而，现有的光纤传感器和压电传感器在嵌入后会带来力学性能的损失，且较脆的材质使得其在嵌入过程中容易被损坏。本研究提出了一种新型石墨烯环氧树脂传感器，并采用了新的嵌入方式，即将传感器嵌入预浸料中，制作出了一种具有自感知能力的预浸料，有效解决了传统嵌入式传感器所面临的问题。

本研究利用预浸料用环氧树脂体系作为基体，将石墨烯均匀分散其中后将其作为传感单元局部或全面浸润干纤维制成功能化预浸料。在铺层固化制成智能复合材料板后其智能结构可实现对振动或微小应变的感应监测。当智能结构感应到振动或者微小应变时，基于隧穿效应，传感器中相邻石墨烯片的距离会发生变化进而产生阻值的变化，从而实现对结构的监测。根据渗流理论与实验分析，石墨烯在环氧树脂体系中的质量分数大约达到1%时，传感器具有最优异的传感性能和稳定性。在对智能复合材料板件进行一系列力学性能测试，并与普通复合材料板件进行对比之后，得出结论：将传感器浸润干纤维制作成预浸料后，不会对复合材料构件产生明显的力学性能损失。此外，在低频振动（300 Hz­2 kHz）下对信号的响应没有存在失真的情况，且具有一定的精度。

本研究使用含有传感单元的预浸料与普通预浸料铺层后固化成型来达到传感器嵌入的目的，简化了传感器的嵌入操作，并且提高了嵌入的成功率。此外将制作的预浸料在常温下储存了两周，并制作成板件进行低频振动响应测试。测试结果表明，所制作的预浸料仍然具有良好的响应能力，这表明其可以长时间存储，并具有良好的稳定性。本研究开发的具有自感知能力的复合材料预浸料，为实现智能材料的自感知提供了一种新的方法。

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