选区激光熔化镍的氢脆机理与抗氢脆性能优化研究

氢脆是指氢进入大多数金属中会导致材料力学性能下降，危害材料的服役安全。随着绿色产业升级，航空航天、国防、新能源产业的飞速发展，临氢环境日益普遍，对先进金属材料的氢脆机理和抗氢脆工艺的研究具有重要的战略意义。选区激光熔化是一种先进的金属增材制造技术，已被用于制造临氢关键部件。然而，目前对增材制造金属的氢脆机理及抗氢脆工艺原理尚不清楚，使得增材制造金属在临氢环境的性能调控尚缺乏理论指导。基于此，本论文以典型氢脆材料纯Ni为研究对象，开展了选区激光熔化Ni的氢脆机理研究，然后在氢脆机理的基础上探索了打印参数对抗氢脆性能的影响规律，利用增材制造产生的孔隙，引入有效氢陷阱，综合提升了其抗氢脆能力，为进一步提升增材制造金属的抗氢脆性能提供了理论基础和技术支撑。同时，利用电脉冲技术对已经发生氢脆的含氢材料进行除氢和性能修复研究，为延长临氢材料的使用寿命提供了新的方法。

在氢脆机理研究方面，针对增材制造金属产生的位错胞状组织对氢脆的作用仍存在争议，本文以典型氢脆材料纯Ni为研究对象，通过热处理改变选区激光熔化Ni中形成的位错胞状组织，并在充氢后通过慢速率拉伸实验，分析了Ni中位错胞状组织与氢脆敏感性的关系，结果表明增材制造产生的初始位错胞状组织会提升Ni的氢脆敏感性，降低Ni的抗氢脆性能。同时，通过位错观察发现热处理与未热处理的充氢Ni样品在拉伸断裂后，其断口附近的位错密度是相似的，由此得到氢引起的Ni的沿晶断裂会在位错演化到特定的临界位错密度时触发。

在抗氢脆性能的研究方面，通过对充氢Ni样品进行慢速率拉伸实验，分析了扫描策略与Ni的氢脆敏感性的关系，结果表明每层旋转0°的样品比其他旋转角度的样品显示出更好的抗氢脆性能。通过进一步观察断口形貌，发现不同扫描策略(每层旋转0°、67°、90°)获得的Ni样品在充氢后，断口形貌均为沿晶断裂，且裂纹均倾向于沿细晶区扩展。结果表明通过调整扫描策略优化晶粒分布可以改变Ni的沿晶断口形貌，并提升Ni抵抗沿晶断裂的能力。

工艺优化虽然能在一定程度上提升Ni的抗氢脆性能，但工艺优化后的Ni仍表现出明显的氢脆现象。为进一步提升选区激光熔化Ni的抗氢脆能力，提出通过增材制造产生的微孔隙(氢陷阱)来提升Ni的抗氢脆性能。通过慢速率拉伸实验，对比了有孔隙与无孔隙Ni样品的抗氢脆性能，结果表明孔隙的存在可以有效缓解Ni的氢脆。通过氢含量测试发现，有孔隙Ni的氢含量远小于无孔隙Ni的氢含量，因此，孔隙引起的Ni的抗氢脆性能提升，与孔隙作为氢陷阱，阻碍了氢进入Ni中有关。同时，分析了不同孔隙分布对Ni的抗氢脆性能影响，结果表明孔隙分布对Ni的力学性能影响很大，需要适当的孔隙分布才能有效的提升Ni的抗氢脆性能。

针对已经面临氢脆问题的含氢材料，提出了利用电脉冲技术来去除材料内部的氢。通过力学性能测试及慢速率拉伸实验，分析了不同脉冲参数对材料的力学性能及抗氢脆性能的影响规律，结果表明适当的电脉冲参数能够有效降低含氢Ni的氢含量并保持其力学性能。通过与传统热处理去氢的方式进行对比，发现电脉冲处理具有更快的去氢效率。同时，通过对含裂纹的选区激光熔化Ni进行电脉冲处理，分析了电脉冲对裂纹治愈的影响，结果表明电脉冲技术可以用来修复增材制造材料内部的裂纹。

综上，本文为增材制造金属材料的抗氢脆设计提供了理论指导和新思路，尝试为临氢环境下材料的长久安全服役提供解决办法，促进了选区激光熔化技术和电脉冲技术在抗氢脆材料制造及服役中的应用。

Hydrogen embrittlement refers to the reduction of mechanical properties of materials due to the entry of hydrogen, which brings risk to the safety of the materials. With the upgrading of green industries and the rapid development of aerospace, national defense, and new energy industries, hydrogen-containing environment is becoming more and more common, so it is of great strategic significance to study the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism and anti-hydrogen embrittlement technology of advanced metal materials. Selective laser melting is an advanced metal additive manufacturing technology that has been used to manufacture hydrogen-related critical components. However, the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and the principles of anti-hydrogen embrittlement technology for additive manufactured metals are remain unclear, making it difficult to design the performance of additive manufacturing metals in hydrogen-containing environments. Based on this, this paper studies the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism of pure nickel, a typical hydrogen embrittlement material, and discusses the influence of printing parameters on hydrogen embrittlement resistance based on the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism. The effective hydrogen trapping site is introduced by using the micropores generated by additive manufacturing to comprehensively enhance hydrogen embrittlement resistance, providing theoretical basis and technical support for further improving the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of additive manufactured metals. The paper also studies the dehydrogenation and performance restoration of hydrogen-containing materials that have already experienced hydrogen embrittlement using electropulsing technology, providing a new method for extending the service life of hydrogen-containing materials.

In terms of the study of the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism, there is still controversy over the role of dislocation cell structure generated by additive manufacturing. This paper takes Ni as the research object, changes the dislocation cell structure formed in additive manufactured Ni by heat treatment, and analyzes the relationship between dislocation cell structure and hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity in Ni through slow rate tensile experiments after hydrogen charging. The results show that the dislocation cell structure increase the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of Ni. In addition, the dislocation density near the fracture surface of hydrogen-charged Ni samples with and without heat treatment is found to be similar after tension. Therefore, it is concluded that hydrogen-induced transgranular fracture in Ni is triggered when the dislocation density evolves to a specific critical value.

In the study of hydrogen embrittlement resistance, the influence of additive manufacturing process parameters on the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ni was explored. Slow-rate tensile tests were carried out on hydrogen-charged Ni samples, and the relationship between scanning strategies and the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of Ni was analyzed. The results showed that samples with each layer rotated by 0° displayed better hydrogen embrittlement resistance than samples with other rotation angles. Further observation of the fracture morphology revealed that Ni samples obtained with different scanning strategies (0°, 67°, 90° rotation per layer) showed transgranular fracture and the cracks tended to propagate along the fine-grain areas. The results indicate that optimizing grain distribution by adjusting scanning strategies can change the transgranular fracture morphology of Ni and enhance resistance to transgranular fracture.

Although process optimization can improve the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ni to a certain extent, Ni still exhibits obvious hydrogen embrittlement after process optimization. To further improve the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of additive manufactured Ni, it is proposed to use the micropores (hydrogen trapping site) generated during additive manufacturing to enhance the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ni. Slow-rate tensile tests were performed to compare the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ni samples with and without micropores. The results showed that the presence of micropores could effectively alleviate the hydrogen embrittlement of Ni. Hydrogen content testing revealed that the hydrogen content in Ni with micropores was much lower than that in Ni without micropores, indicating that the improvement of hydrogen embrittlement resistance caused by micropores is related to the micropores acting as hydrogen trapping sites, hindering hydrogen from entering Ni. Meanwhile, the influence of different pore distributions on the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ni was analyzed, and the results showed that pore distribution has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Ni, and appropriate pore distribution is needed to effectively enhance the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ni.

Aiming at hydrogen embrittlement problems in hydrogen-containing materials, the use of electropulsing technology to remove hydrogen from the interior of material was proposed.The influence of different electropulsing parameters on the mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement resistance of Ni was analyzed. The results show that proper electropulsing parameters can reduce the hydrogen content of hydrogen-containing Ni and maintain its mechanical properties. Compared with the traditional heat treatment method for dehydrogenation, it is found that electropulsing treatment has a faster dehydrogenation efficiency. Meanwhile, the effect of electropulsing treatment on crack healing was analyzed by applying it to additive manufactured Ni with cracks. The results showed that electropulsing technology could be used to restore cracks inside additive manufactured materials.

In summary, this article provides theoretical guidance and new ideas for the design of hydrogen-resistant additive manufactured materials, tries to provide solutions for the long-term safe service of materials in hydrogen environments, and promotes the application of selective laser melting and electropulsing technology in the manufacturing and service of hydrogen-resistant materials.

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