海底非传统地震信号：仪器观测、数据处理及定位溯源

地震仪研制的初衷是为了进行地震事件的观测，开展地震预警、地下结构成像等方面的研究。然而，在没有地震信号发生的时候，地震仪仍记录大量高于地震仪本体噪音的具有明显能量特征的信号，包括“地嗡鸣”信号，单频微地动(SFM)，双频微地动(DFM)以及短时震动事件(SDE)，统称为非传统地震信号。这些非传统地震信号主要是由海洋环境震动波场引起的，在海洋地球物理及海洋探测方面的研究中发挥着重要作用。

由于海洋环境的影响，考虑到观测系统供电、压力、腐蚀等因素，对海洋的观测和研究是及其困难的，尤其是远洋深海的长时间海底观测，其任何海底观测数据都是难得可贵的。宽频带海底地震仪(OBS)是近些年才发展起来的，长期放置在海底进行原位震动观测的设备，它不仅可以记录地震事件，还可以记录来自海底的地质活动过程引起的震动或者水体中的声发射源引起的震动。挖掘OBS长期观测数据中的非传统地震信号及其处理方法，对拓展来之不易的长期在海底进行原位采集的OBS观测数据应用范围，提高数据的使用效率具有科学价值和实践意义。基于此，本文使用OBS在南海西北次海盆7个月的观测数据，拾取了其记录非传统地震信号，并对其进行特征、形成与传播机制、定位方法和溯源的分析。利用这些非传统地震信号对南海的环境震动波场、水下移动目标和海底碳排放的时空分布进行了研究，有效的提高数据使用效率，促进对南海西北次海盆的震动波场认识，进而探索更多的海洋奥秘。

首先，通过自主研制的OBS在南海西北次海盆的观测数据与OBS传感器单元在陆地基准地震台（上海佘山地震台）上的观测数据进行对比分析，明确了OBS记录的非传统地震信号主要来自南海海洋环境与海底地质结构的作用过程。与陆地台站不同，南海海底OBS观测的DFM信号频谱呈现单峰特征，且向高频端偏移（周期为1-5s），结合模拟分析，证明了大洋海底是DFM信号的主要源区。此外，南海海底DFM信号能量既受到南海季节变化等长周期因素影响，又受局部的极端海况所控制，如台风路径上的异常波高，造成了南海地区的DFM信号源区空间和时间上的非均匀性特征。

其次，针对传统地震拾取算法（STA/LTA）在OBS记录的短时震动信号(SDE)拾取过程中存在的漏拾取问题，提出了基于视周期变化检测(APCD)的SDE拾取算法。使用该算法对2019年10月-2020年5月在南海西北次海盆布放的OBS数据进行了SDE信号拾取，其中单个台站达到39万余条。在拾取结果中首次发现了OBS记录的连续发生且有规律的连续短时震动事件(C-SDE)。从时间分布分析，C-SDE信号源一段时间内处于活动状态，持续几个小时或者几天，部分时间处于静默状态。该信号在相距约52 Km的三个台站上均有记录。提出了一种基于OBS的C-SDE信号的波速估计方法。使用格点搜索定位法对2020年5月3日-6日发生的三次C-SDE进行定位,该信号源是靠近南海西北次海盆东部的移动源，三次C-SDE信号源的移动方向均是从北向南，移动速度约26km/h。根据其OBS记录的C-SDE信号特征及定位结果表明，OBS可以用于对水下移动目标进行震动观测和数据搜集。

最后，对布放在南海西北次海盆的OBS数据进行了随机短时信号(R-SDE)的拾取，使用该信号对该区域的浅层地质活动过程进行研究。R-SDE信号的溯源分析表明该信号主要来自于该区域海底沉积层的气体逃逸引起的震动，表明南海西北次海盆地区存在海底碳排放。针对海底碳排放的时空分布观测难的问题，提出了基于OBS长期观测数据中SDE信号的海底碳排放的时空分布的研究方法。OBS数据中拾取的R-SDE的数量多少与海底气体逃逸的活跃程度相关和时间分布，而通过R-SDE信号的反方位角和入射角的优势方向统计，可以确定气体逃逸引起的震动的源的深度和方位的空间分布关系。由此，确定了南海西北次海盆区域海底碳排放的活跃区域在其西北部。

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