Bulk and porous Ti alloys produced by selective laser melting for biomedical applications

徐婧媛

XU Jingyuan

11863002

博士

Mechanical & Mining Engineering

严明

材料科学与工程系

2023-05-26

2023-07-29

昆士兰大学

昆士兰大学

Hard tissue materials, such as bone and teeth, are highly sought after in the field of biomedical materials due to the increasing prevalence of illnesses and injuries. However, conventional metal biological materials have limitations in terms of biological safety and stress shielding. Research on titanium (Ti) has received a lot of attention because of its high specific strength, great biocompatibility, and resistance to corrosion. Metastable β-phase Ti alloy has a lower elastic modulus, higher mechanical strength, and greater biomechanical and biochemical compatibility as compared to α phase commercial pure Ti (CP-Ti) or Ti alloys with α+β phase. Molybdenum (Mo) is a trace element required by human body. Incorporating the trace element molybdenum (Mo) in Ti-Mo alloys, with a Mo content of at least 10–15 wt%, leads to a crystal structure primarily composed of the β phase. This study focuses on utilizing such alloys as the fundamental material. Though one of the most common and serious complications of implants, there is still no good solution to the problem of microbial infections. Ti implants are not inherently antimicrobial and therefore giving them antimicrobial properties by means of modification, thus preventing bacterial adhesion to their surface, is key to improving clinical success.

The selection of the porous surface structure impacts cell proliferation as compared to dense implant samples. By incorporating a suitable porous structure into a low modulus β-phase Ti alloy, stress shielding effects and biocompatibility can be modulated. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technique was used to create the porous structure, allowing for precise control of the fabrication of the porous Ti-15Mo alloy. Due to its technical attributes, the produced alloy has fine grains and higher mechanical qualities, and SLM technology allows for the free and controlled creation of complicated scaffolds.

To prevent bacterial adhesion, antibacterial bioactive coatings can be prepared on the surface of Ti implants. Nano Ag has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, but its cytotoxicity is dose-dependent. Achieving an optimal concentration of Ag that balances biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy is crucial. Hydroxyapatite (HA), known for its bioactivity and osteogenic properties, can be combined with various antimicrobial agents. Coating Ag nanoparticles with HA reduces the risk to human tissues while maintaining the good antimicrobial properties of Ag. Hence, in order to further improve the osteogenicity on a cell adhesion scale and make the bonding of HA and Ti stronger, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was introduced to modify the surface, covering the Ti surface with microporous TiO₂.

The widespread use of SLM is impeded by the high cost of pre-alloyed Ti-15Mo powders, limiting their application in orthopaedic implants. To address this issue, an in-situ laser alloying method was employed to mechanically blend inexpensive hydride-dehydrate (HDH) Ti powder with elemental Mo powder to create a composite powder feedstock (i.e. Ti+Mo). High relative density (99.76%) Ti-15Mo alloys were created by SLM after the printing parameters were optimised, and their in-situ alloying formation mechanisms are investigated in depth by finite element simulations of the melt pool.

The mechanical properties of the as-printed Ti-15Mo alloy demonstrated high strength (~970 MPa) but high modulus (~110 GPa) and low ductility (0.9%). However, the inclusion of a small amount of yttrium (Y) at 0.2 wt.% significantly improved ductility. The optimized Ti-15Mo-0.2Y alloy exhibited a strength of ~1170 MPa, a modulus of ~85 GPa and a ductility of ~1.7%. In-situ laser alloying with various amounts of elemental Ag powder imparted antibacterial properties to the alloy. The Ti-15Mo-0.2Y-2.5Ag material showed an antibacterial activity of 92–95% against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) without compromising cell viability of the MG-63 cell line. In vivo tests conducted on Sprague Dawley (SD) rats confirmed the alloy's good biocompatibility.

The recent advancements in surface modification techniques for Ti implants, involving physical and/or chemical approaches, have been reviewed. As rapid and effective osseointegration is crucial for successful implant applications, biologically inert Ti materials face limitations in terms of surface cell adhesion, bioactivity, and bone-growth-inducing capabilities. Surface modification methods have been introduced to optimize wear resistance, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties of various Ti implant materials.

The study successfully developed and optimized Ti-15Mo biomedical alloy using SLM from both elemental and pre-alloyed powders. Laser in-situ alloying of modified HDH-Ti with Mo resulted in a cost-effective alloy with significant cost reduction. Surface modification techniques, including MAO, were utilized on Ti-15Mo lattices to create composite coatings with desired functionalities. 

Selective Laser Melting Biomedical Ti Alloy Ti-15Mo TPMS Structure Surface Modification Antibacterial Biocompatibility, Biocompatibility

英语

联合培养

2018

2023-09

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Xu JY. Bulk and porous Ti alloys produced by selective laser melting for biomedical applications[D]. 昆士兰大学. 昆士兰大学,2023.