3D printing critical materials for rechargeable batteries: from materials, design and optimization strategies to applications

Highlights A comprehensive review on the recent advances of various rechargeable batteries utilizing 3D printing technologies to fabricate has been presented. Typical features of major 3D-printing methods used for fabricating EESDs, including design principles, materials selectivity, and optimization strategies, are herein outlined; 3D-printed critical materials, including anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, and 3D hosts, for rechargeable batteries, are summarized and discussed; Challenges and further research directions for developing 3D-printed critical materials for rechargeable batteries are highlighted.