金属卤化物钙钛矿纳米晶的结构调控及光学特性研究

作为一类新型的低维半导体材料，钙钛矿纳米晶拥有诸多优异的光电特性，比如极高的光致发光量子产率、窄的半高宽、可调的光致发光以及出众的非线性光学性质，在各类光电子领域彰显出巨大的应用潜力。然而，钙钛矿材料的环境稳定性较差，限制其实际应用和未来商业化。在众多提升钙钛矿纳米晶稳定性的策略中，选用合适的材料来构建异质核壳结构是一种有效的方法。本论文以金属卤化物钙钛矿纳米晶为研究对象，以提升材料的稳定性和光学性质为研究目标，研究了异质外延型核壳结构壳层厚度对钙钛矿纳米晶性质的影响。基于多种激光光谱技术，详细讨论材料的光学性能，深入了解核壳钙钛矿纳米晶的光物理过程。本论文的研究内容包括以下四个方面：

研究了FAPbBr₃钙钛矿纳米晶的光学性质。首次确定了其在800 nm的双光子吸收截面为2.76 × 10^-45 cm⁴ s¹ photon^-1。并讨论了FA⁺阳离子尺寸和氢键相互作用对无机骨架[PbBr₆]^4-畸变的影响，进而决定了材料的非线性光学响应。此外，FAPbBr₃钙钛矿纳米晶表现出较差的稳定性。

研究了核壳钙钛矿纳米晶的光学性质。CsPbBr₃壳层的包覆显著钝化了FAPbBr₃钙钛矿纳米晶的表面缺陷，使其发光效率提升了13.4%，色纯度提升了19.8%，荧光强度稳定性提升了154.4%。随着壳层厚度的增加，材料的电子结构从准II型转变为I型。基于密度泛函理论计算了应力下不同壳层厚度的钙钛矿纳米晶的能带结构，从理论上验证了相关的实验结果。

研究了核壳钙钛矿纳米晶的超快载流子动力学过程。随着壳层厚度增加，双激子俄歇复合寿命呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。壳层的包覆降低了材料中的热载流子温度，但热载流子冷却速度却不受壳层厚度的影响。得益于有效的缺陷钝化、双激子俄歇复合过程的抑制以及较短的热载流子冷却时间，Cs和FA摩尔比为1.0的条件下制备出的核壳钙钛矿纳米晶中观察到了阈值为447 nJ cm^-2的放大自发辐射行为。

研究了核壳钙钛矿纳米晶的多光子光学性质。核壳钙钛矿纳米晶呈现出超强的五光子光致发光，在2300 nm处的作用截面高达8.64 × 10^-139 cm¹⁰ s⁴ photon^-4 nm^-3，比未包覆的FAPbBr₃钙钛矿纳米晶增强了约一个数量级。这种增强可以归因于核壳钙钛矿纳米晶介电常数的增加，促进了多光子吸收效率，从局部场效应和内置电场中解决了高阶非线性行为中的电子失真问题。同时，准II型能带对齐对双激子俄歇复合的有效抑制，表面缺陷密度的降低和类天线效应高效的无辐射能量传递，都有助于增强五光子吸收诱导的光致发光。

本论文中的研究成果对后续开发新型异质外延核壳钙钛矿纳米晶和调控其光学特性具有重要的指导意义，也为相关领域的应用提供了新的思路和方法。

As a new class of low-dimensional semiconductor materials, perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) possess a number of excellent optoelectronic properties, such as extremely high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM), tunable photoluminescence (PL), and outstanding nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, which demonstrate a great potential for application in various optoelectronic fields. However, the poor environmental stability limits their practical applications and future commercialization. Among various strategies to enhance the stability of PeNCs, the heterogeneous epitaxial growth of core-shell structures is an effective approach. In this thesis, metal halide PeNCs were chosen to be the research focus, with the aim of improving the stability and optical properties, and the effects of shell thickness of the heterogeneous epitaxial core-shell structure on the properties of core-shell PeNCs were investigated. Based on various laser spectroscopies, the optical properties of the core-shell PeNCs were discussed in detail to gain insight into their photophysical processes. The research of this thesis includes the following four aspects:

The optical properties of FAPbBr₃ (FA = formamidine) PeNCs were investigated. For the first time, the two-photon absorption cross-section has been determined to be 2.76 × 10^-45 cm⁴ s¹ photon^-1 at 800 nm. And the influence of FA⁺ size and hydrogen bond interaction on the distortion of the inorganic framework [PbBr₆]^4-, which in turn determines the NLO response, was discussed. In addition, FAPbBr₃ PeNCs showed poor stability.

The optical properties of the core-shell PeNCs were investigated. The cladding of the CsPbBr₃ shell significantly passivated the defect states on the surface of the FAPbBr₃ PeNCs, increasing the PL efficiency by 13.4%, the color purity by 19.8%, and the emission stability by 154.4%. With the increase of shell thickness, the electronic structure of the core-shell PeNCs shifted from quasi-type-II to type-I energy band alignment. The electronic structures were calculated based on the density functional theory (DFT) taken the strain into consideration, and the corresponding experimental results were verified theoretically.

The ultrafast carrier dynamics in core-shell PeNCs were investigated. The biexciton Auger recombination lifetime trended to first increase and then decrease with increasing the shell thickness. The cladding of the shell reduced the hot carrier temperature in PeNCs, but the hot carrier cooling rate was not affected by the shell thickness. Thanks to the effective passivation of the defect states, the suppressed biexciton Auger recombination process, and the shorter cooling time of the hot carriers, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) with a low threshold of 447 nJ cm^-2 was observed in the core-shell PeNCs prepared with molar ratio X between Cs and FA equal to 1.0.

The multiphoton absorption (MPA)-induced fluorescence properties of the core-shell PeNCs were investigated. The superb five-photon PL emission was observed with an action cross-section (η × σ₅) as high as 8.64 × 10^-139 cm¹⁰ s⁴ photon^-4 nm^-3 at 2300 nm, which was about one order of magnitude larger than the FAPbBr₃ PeNCs. This enhancement could be attributed to the increase of dielectric constant, which promoted the MPA efficiency, and resolved the electronic distortion in the higher-order NLO behavior from the local field effects and built-in electric fields. Meanwhile, the effective suppression of the biexciton Auger recombination by quasi-type-II band alignment, the reduction of surface defect density, and the more efficient energy transfer through antenna-like effect help to achieve the enhanced 5PA-induced PL emission.

The research results from this thesis are of great significance in guiding the novel heterogeneous epitaxial growth of core-shell PeNCs, and the modulation of their optical properties, as well as providing new ideas and methods for application in related fields.

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