酰胺类有机物电解液添加剂用于水系锌离子电池的研究

      水系锌离子电池由于安全性、对环境友好以及高成本效益等优势，近年来已成为高效可持续的储能技术领域的研究热点。金属锌因其具有较高的理论比容量和较低电极电势被视为水系锌离子电池中最具有发展前景的 负极材料。尽管如此，水系锌离子电池的工作稳定性受到水系电解液的影响，导致电化学腐蚀和枝晶生长，进而引发低可逆性以及与短路和快速容量衰减相关的电池寿命问题。为了应对这些挑战，电解液改性被认为是一 种实用且有效的策略。在水体系中，水分子围绕在锌离子周围形成动态且 无序的溶剂化结构，这直接导致了析氢副反应的发生，从而影响了电解质的稳定性和电化学窗口。近年来的突破性研究表明，通过调控有机小分子添加剂的分子结构，可以有效改善电解液的关键性质。

      本文以酰胺为例，系统研究了不同链长的有机小分子添加剂对锌离子 溶剂化结构和电池性能的影响。首先，酰胺对锌的成核和生长有显著影响， 随着碳链长度的增加，成核过电势和活化能表现出明显的增大趋势，有利 于锌的均匀沉积。其次，疏水性随着碳链的延长而增加，有助于减少水分子进入溶剂化结构，从而减少锌沉积过程中析氢反应的发生和副产物的形 成。因此，具有较长碳链的丙酰胺电解液（ZPA）表现出优异的综合性能。 利用优化后的 ZPA 电解液拓宽了电化学稳定窗口（-0.13 V 至 2.57 V）， 显著提高了对称电池的循环性能（超过 1600 小时，与对照组相比提升了10 倍）。ZPA 电解质与 VS2 正极组合的全电池在 1 A g -1 的电流密度下运行了 超过 1000 次充放电循环，维持了 87.7%的容量保持率。另外，对不同碳链 长度的碳酸酯类小分子添加剂的研究也得到了相似的结果。

      本项工作提出了一种简单的小分子添加剂的分子设计策略，通过实验分析和理论计算相结合，旨在理解和调控锌离子周围的溶剂化结构，并提 升对小分子添加剂结构影响电解液关键性质的全面认识，最终提高锌负极 的可逆性，达到增强电池整体性能的目标。同时，本项工作也为开发高效 的储能装置提供了新的思路和途径。

   The quest for sustainable and efficient energy storage solutions has propelled aqueous zinc-ion batteries to the forefront of research due to their intrinsic safety, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. With its high gravimetric and volumetric capacities and low electrochemical potential, zinc metal emerges as a promising anode material for ZIBs. However, the operational stability of ZIBs is often compromised by the aqueous electrolytes, which induce electrochemical corrosion and dendritic growth, leading to low reversibility and lifespan concerns associated with short circuiting and rapid capacity fading. To address these challenges, electrolyte modification has been recognized as a practical and efficient strategy. In aqueous systems, the dynamic and disordered solvation structure of water molecules around ions catalyzes undesirable side reactions, such as hydrogen evolution, which in turn affects the stability and electrochemical window of the electrolyte. The recent emphasis on molecular design in electrolyte research shows that manipulating molecule structures can significantly affect the key characteristics of electrolytes.

    In this work, the impact of small molecule additives with varying chain lengths on the solvation structure of zinc ions and battery performance was systematically investigated using amides as an example. Firstly, we found that the amides significantly influence zinc nucleation and growth. As the length of the alkyl chain increases, there is a distinct trend in the nucleation potential and activation energy, which favors the uniform deposition of Zn. Secondly, the increased hydrophobicity from elongating the carbon chain can prevent the ingress of numerous water molecules into the solvation structure, mitigating issues such as hydrogen evolution or

the formation of by-products. The propionamide electrolyte (ZPA), in particular, shows superior comprehensive properties. By using optimized ZPA electrolyte, the electrochemical window was broadened (-0.13 V to 2.57 V), and the longevity of symmetric cell cycling performance was enhanced (over 1600 hours，10 times vs ZB). The full cell assembled with ZPA electrolyte and a VS₂ cathode was able to operate for over 1000 cycles at 1 A g^-1, while maintaining a capacity retention of 87.7%. Moreover, tests were also conducted on other small molecules in the carbonic ester class, which also yielded the similar results.

      In summary, this work presents a straightforward molecular design strategy for small molecule additives that can manipulate the solvation chemistry around zinc ions, and improve crucial electrolyte properties, ultimately improving the reversibility of zinc anode and enhancing the overall battery performance. The research involves experimental analysis and theoretical calculation, aimed at understanding and replenishing the comprehensive knowledge regarding the impact of small molecule additives' structures on crucial electrolyte properties. The findings of the study provide valuable insights for developing efficient energy storage devices.

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