聚醚酰亚胺/氧化铝纳米复合材料的制备与高温储能性能研究

       具有高储能密度的高温应用聚合物纳米复合材料是电动汽车、航空航天等电容器应用亟需的电介质材料。然而，高填料负载下的填料团聚和界面缺 陷等问题极大地限制了储能密度的提升，并阻碍了纳米复合材料的大规模生产。

       本研究以聚醚酰亚胺（PEI）为聚合物基体，采用原位聚合的方法制备 了超低含量（<1 vol%）纳米氧化铝（Al₂O₃，简写AO）填充的PEI基纳米复 合材料。AO纳米颗粒与聚酰胺酸分子链中羧基的配位作用有效抑制了纳米颗粒的聚集和界面缺陷的形成，使AO在PEI基体中均匀分散，并增强了PEI基体的力学性能。电导测试结果表明，AO颗粒的宽带隙与PEI基体构 筑了界面深陷阱，阻碍了PEI薄膜中的电荷注入和传输，有效抑制了高温下的漏电流和电导损耗，大幅提升了PEI的击穿场强和充放电效率。其中，在150 ^oC 下，0.3 vol% AO 填充的PEI纳米复合材料（in situ-0.3vol%）取得了5.9 J/cm³ 的优异储能性能。与溶液共混方法相比，原位聚合方法可显著提升AO填料的分散性和均匀性。相场模拟结果表明，原位薄膜中填料更均匀的 分散带来了更大的界面陷阱面积，更大幅度地提高了其高温击穿场强和充放电效率。在150 ^oC，充放电效率为90%时，in situ-0.3vol%薄膜的放电能量 密度为4.8 J/cm³，远高于0.3 vol% AO填充的共混薄膜（ex situ-0.3vol%）的放电能量密度（1.5 J/cm³）。

       本研究利用原位聚合的方法有效改善了纳米填充相的团聚和界面缺陷，得到了高温储能性能优异的PEI/AO纳米复合材料。通过与溶液共混方法制 备的纳米复合材料进行系统对比，进一步揭示了原位聚合法在制备高性能聚 合物基纳米复合材料中的优势，并为大规模制备纳米复合电介质材料提供了更有效的制备方法。

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