尤卡坦撞击事件地震波场影响及启示

回顾地球最近5亿年历史，总共发生了5次著名的生物大灭绝事件，其中距离我们最近的是6600万年前的恐龙大灭绝事件。自大灭绝假说提出以来，关于此次灭绝事件研究已经得到初步结论，即陨石撞击导致地球环境恶化，从而引发生物大规模灭绝。但是，美洲人类亲缘物种灵长类动物的严重匮乏告诉我们这次灭绝事件对于全球不同地区生物的影响可能并不一样。该次撞击事件对固体地球及其上生物产生了怎样直接影响以及对我们现在有何种启示呢？为了帮助我们理解该次事件对地球生物以及固体地球的影响，本研究首先利用地震学方法探究了该次事件产生的地震波场效应对固体地球及其上生物的直接影响。

为了利用地震学方法研究6600万年前陨石撞击事件产生的地震波对固体地球造成的影响，需要确定该撞击事件的震源时间函数，为此，作者提出了地震体波方程高效求解方法，然后利用该方法从陨石坑多圆环结构中反演出震源参数。反演结果表明，该次地震事件是一次低频地震事件，反演得到的震源时间函数主频约为0.15Hz，震源深度约为20km。

得到完整震源参数后，本研究利用成熟的谱元法全球地震波场数值模拟方法模拟了该次地震事件波场传播特征，并计算了地表地震位移、峰值位移、地震烈度等相关地震参数。对计算结果研究分析表明，这次事件中，不同地区生物灭绝情况并不一样。根据计算研究，得到的结果如下：

1、全球不同地区生物，在这次地震事件中死亡率并不一样。美洲地区生物在这次事件中因为撞击产生的地震波动效应在短时间内无差别直接死亡，地震中心死亡率接近百分之百，这一结果有可能是后期美洲古灵长类生物匮乏的原因。

2、陨石撞击产生的强烈地震波动效应有可能导致印度洋地区形成了破裂，从而诱发了该地区地球板块构造的产生。

3、当波场传播到地球内部时，强大地震体波能量传播到地球外核，从而有可能导致在核幔边界处形成地幔柱等自然现象。

接着，本研究利用陨石具体参数计算探讨了该次撞击事件对地球磁场变化的影响，研究结果表明，该次撞击导致了地球磁极线速度发生了0.0243cm/s-0.027cm/s变化。

最后，探讨了应对陨石撞击这类极端灾害的方法和策略，讨论了行星探测在预防该问题中的重要性，并探究了地震学方法在其中的应用。

对于行星探测而言，地震学方法的主要作用是探测行星内部结构，为资源探测，以及探索行星宜居性等提供科学依据，同时也可以起到监测行星内外部环境的作用。但是由于高昂的仪器研发和布设成本，我们通常仅能在地外行星上布设单个或少量地震仪。因此，本文提出了基于单个地震台站与震源组合的数据采集方法，研发了汉克尔函数高精度面波频散曲线提取方法。同时，为了给行星内部结构探测提供更多方法储备，本研究将全波形反演的高精度特点与背景噪声不依赖于源的特点相结合，在此基础上研发了背景噪声面波多尺度成像方法。并基于两个地震台站验证了方法可行性，为未来发展高精度面波成像方法提供了基础，同时为行星内部结构探测提供了更多可选择的方法。由于多个地震台站是由单个和两个地震台站组合而成，因此，理论方法同样可以推广于多个地震台站方法的研究。

本文研究对于提升我们对大型陨石撞击对地球生物和固体地球本身的影响的认识，以及启发后人有效应对该种灾害具有重要意义。

Looking back at the history of the earth in the last 500 million years, there have been a total of five famous mass extinction events, of which the closest to us was the mass extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Since the proposal of the mass extinction hypothesis, studies on this extinction event have reached a preliminary conclusion; that is, the meteorite impact caused the deterioration of the Earth’s environment, thus triggering mass extinction. However, the severe shortage of human relatives primates in the Americas tells us that this extinction event may have had different impacts on organisms in different parts of the world. What kind of direct impact did this impact event have on the solid Earth and the life forms on it, and what enlightenment does it have for us now? To help us understand the impact of this event on Earth’s organisms and the solid Earth, this study first used the seismological method to investigate the direct impact of the seismic wave field effect generated by the event on both the solid Earth and the surrounding organisms.
 
 To study meteorite impact events 66 million years ago, we first proposed an efficient solution method for the seismic volume wave equation and then used this method to invert the focal parameters from the multiring structure of the crater. The inversion results reveal that this seismic event was a low-frequency seismic event; the dominant frequency of the focal time function obtained from the inversion was approximately 0.15 Hz, and the focal depth was approximately 20 km.
 
 After obtaining the complete focal parameters, this study used the spectral element method (SEM) for global seismic wave field numerical simulation to simulate the wave field propagation characteristics of seismic events and calculated relevant seismic parameters such as seismic displacement, peak displacement, and seismic intensity according to the China Seismic Intensity Scale. Analysis of the calculation results showed that during this event, the extinction levels of organisms in different areas were different. Based on the quantitative calculations, the results are as follows:
 
 1. The mortality rate of organisms in different regions of the world differed during this earthquake event. In this event, the organisms in the Americas died indiscriminately in a short period of time due to the seismic fluctuation effect generated by the impact, and the mortality in the seismic center was close to 100\%. This result may also explain the scarcity of ancient primates in the Americas.
 
 2. The strong seismic fluctuations generated by meteorite impacts may have created a rupture in the Indian Ocean region, thus inducing tectonic motion in this region.
 
 3. When the wave field propagates into the Earth's interior, the energy of powerful seismic volume waves propagates to the Earth's outer core, which may lead to natural phenomena such as the formation of a mantle plume at the core-mantle boundary.
 
 Next, this study used meteorite-specific parameters to quantitatively calculate the effect of the impact event on the changes in the Earth’s magnetic field. The results showed that the impact caused a change in the Earth’s magnetic pole linear velocity of 0.0243 cm/s-0.027 cm/s.
 
 Finally, we consider methods and strategies for addressing extreme disasters such as meteorite impacts, the importance of planetary exploration in the prevention of these problems, and the application of seismological methods.
 
 For seismology, its main purpose in planetary exploration is to detect the internal structure of the planet, to provide scientific bases for resource detection and the exploration of the habitability of the planet, as well as to monitor the internal and external environments of the planet. However, due to the high cost of instrument development and deployment, we can usually deploy only a single or a small number of seismometers on exoplanets. Therefore, this paper proposes a data acquisition method based on the combination of a single seismic station and seismic source and develops a method for extracting high-precision surface wave dispersion curves from the Hankel function. Moreover, to provide additional space for the detection of planet internal structures, this study combined the high precision of full waveform retrieval with the fact that background noise is independent of the source and developed a multiscale imaging method for background noise on this basis. The feasibility of the method was validated at two seismic stations, which provided the basis for the future development of high-precision surface wave imaging methods and, at the same time, provided additional options for detecting planetary interior structures. Since multiple seismic stations are formed by the combination of a single seismic station or two seismic stations, the theoretical method can also be extended to the study of multiple seismic stations.
 
 The results of this study are important for improving the understanding of the impacts of large meteorites on Earth’s organisms and the solid Earth itself and for inspiring future generations to effectively respond to this type of disaster.

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