考虑岩石破裂的FDEM热-水-力多场耦合数值模型研究

近年来，为优化能源结构和推动“双碳”目标的实施，国家加大了对页岩气和地热能等非常规能源的开采力度。裂隙岩体作为非常规能源开采中一种常见的工程地质体，在温度场、渗流场和应力场等多场耦合作用下，岩石裂缝之间的相互搭接和贯通会导致其发生渐进失稳破坏。深入了解裂隙岩体在多场耦合作用下的动态破裂过程对非常规能源的高效开采至关重要。数值模拟由于具有成本低，快速和方便的特点已经被广泛应用到裂隙岩体的破坏分析中，其中有限元-离散元耦合方法(FDEM)结合了有限元和离散元的优点，在模拟裂隙岩体从连续到非连续的渐进破坏过程中展现出巨大的优势。然而，目前关于FDEM的多物理场耦合数值模型研究尚处于初步发展阶段，因此本文对FDEM的多场耦合算法进行补充和扩展，使其能够有效模拟多物理场下裂隙岩体的复杂破裂过程。本文的主要研究内容和成果如下：

①为了解决传统FDEM中采用固有内聚模型(Intrinsic Cohesive Zone Model, ICZM)导致的伪柔度问题(Artificial Compliance Problem)以及非固有内聚模型(Extrinsic Cohesive Zone Model, ECZM)带来的单元拓扑频繁更新问题，本文提出了一种节点绑定算法实现了岩石从连续到非连续的渐进破裂过程的模拟，并通过一系列算例分析验证了该算法的准确性。此外通过与传统FDEM进行计算效率对比发现提出的节点绑定算法能极大降低模型的计算成本。

②传统FDEM中用于处理裂纹面相互作用的接触模型中的接触势能对单元网格尺寸存在依赖性，本文提出了一种新的能量守恒的接触模型。该模型通过对接触面积直接求梯度即可获取接触力的大小和方向。提出的接触模型不仅能够保证块体在接触过程中的能量和动量守恒，还能有效处理角-角等复杂的动态接触问题。此外，通过与传统FDEM采用的Munjiza接触模型相比，本文提出的接触模型不仅能够消除接触力大小对网格尺寸的依赖性，还能避免特定情况下接触力大小和方向的跳跃问题。

③为了揭示岩石破裂过程中的失效机制，本文通过引入矩张量理论提出了一种与岩石破裂相关的声发射模拟新技术，实现了对声发射事件时空演化过程的准确捕捉。通过进行室内试验尺度的模型测试，本文修正宏观裂纹类型的判断准则，并进一步将其应用到岩石宏微观破裂机制的分析中。

④为了避免传统FDEM由于ICZM的使用，在模拟固体热传导过程中需引入额外的热交换系数，本文提出了一种节点绑定方案来确保固体介质在破裂之前热传导的连续性，同时通过更新与温度节点相关的主从节点链表映射关系来实现裂纹面的热阻效应。此外，本文在新提出的接触模型基础上考虑离散体之间的接触传热过程。从而建立了考虑固体热传导、热破裂和接触传热全过程的热-力耦合模型，同时将该模型应用于花岗岩的微观破裂模拟分析中。

⑤同样，为了避免传统FDEM由于ICZM的使用，在模拟岩石基质孔隙渗流过程中需引入额外的流体流量交换系数，本文亦提出了一种节点绑定方案来确保多孔介质在破裂之前孔隙渗流的连续性，同时在裂纹扩展过程中通过更新相关的主从节点链表映射关系来实现裂纹面两侧孔隙压力的非连续性。本文提出的水-力耦合模型同时考虑了岩石基质的孔隙渗流和裂纹中的裂隙渗流过程。本文基于提出的水-力耦合模型对花岗岩水力压裂过程中的微观破裂机理进行了探讨。

⑥结合上述提出的热-力耦合模型和水-力耦合模型，本文继续考虑了温度场和渗流场之间的耦合效应，建立了考虑岩石破裂过程的热-水-力(THM – Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical)多场耦合的数值模型。通过一些算例验证了THM模型的准确性。采用提出的THM模型探讨了低温低压流体注射诱发断层激活的机制，分析了考虑温度效应下的水力裂纹扩展规律，研究了地热能开采过程中的储层温度演化规律。

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