高电压钴酸锂表界面结构调控研究

由于其卓越的体积能量密度，钴酸锂正极在消费电子产品的锂离子电池中得到广泛应用。然而，商用钴酸锂的比容量很大程度上受到低充电截止电压的制约。为追求更高的能量密度，提高其充电截止电压（≥4.6 V vs. Li/Li⁺）已被证明是最为有效的途径之一。然而，截止电压的提高，虽然增加了可逆容量，但同时引起表界面的不可逆相变和晶格氧损失等问题，这对电池的循环寿命和安全性构成了挑战。尽管研究者已提出多种有效的改性策略，但在晶格氧电荷补偿机制、表界面锂离子传导特性等方面仍存在争议。迄今为止，尚未实现稳定循环的4.6 V高电压钴酸锂，这进一步说明当前的基础理论尚不完善。

本论文从高电压钴酸锂表界面结构失效问题着手，通过实验设计与表征分析等手段，深入探讨了配体—金属之间电荷转移差异和锂离子扩散环境差异对钴酸锂表界面结构的影响。

主要研究内容包括：

（1）以固态电解质Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂（NZSP）作为Zr源对LiCoO₂进行表界面改性。通过hXAS、DEMS等表征手段和DFT计算，揭示了具有d⁰电子结构的Zr⁴⁺作为电荷转移绝缘体，有助于削弱Co-3d和O-2p轨道之间的杂化。在4.6 V的充电截止电压下，本文所设计的LiCoO₂正极抑制了晶格氧的氧化还原活性，有效减缓了长循环下表界面晶格的退化。这一结构设计策略在稳定高压全固态电池方面也具备适用性。

（2）通过对比高电压LiCoO₂在固态和液态电池中的不同表现，深入研究了不同离子扩散环境对表界面结构的影响。在卤化物固态电解质体系中，利用合理界面设计成功实现了LiCoO₂基全固态电池在4.6 V高电压下的稳定循环，其性能远超液态水平。分析测试表明，该结果源于化学环境的变化直接影响LiCoO₂体相和表面结构中的锂离子扩散速度以及表界面锂离子分布。通过HRTEM表征证实，在循环过程中，这种均匀的体表锂离子浓度分布延缓了LiCoO₂的高压不可逆相变，从而保证了固态体系高电压的循环稳定性。

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