低迟滞、强粘接超弹胶的力学设计与应用

柔性可拉伸高分子基胶粘剂在工程中具有广泛的应用。然而，高分子软材料固有的粘弹性导致的迟滞与疲劳问题限制了其在高新技术领域中的应用，如柔性电子、可穿戴设备、软体机器人等。本文从软材料力学基本原理出发，解析高分子软胶粘剂宏观的粘弹性和粘接力学行为与微观的高分子网络之间的构效关系，提出了基于异质网络结构超弹胶的力学设计准则；在材料力学的指导下，借助材料化学手段制备出了兼具低迟滞与强粘接的超弹胶；实现了材料在静态与循环疲劳载荷作用下保持稳定的力学性能；并验证了超弹胶在柔性折叠屏等领域的应用。本文的主要工作包括：

（1）超弹胶的力学设计。通过解析软材料本体的力学行为与界面的粘接行为，理清超弹性和强粘接与高分子网络结构之间的构效关系，提出了通过构建异质高分子网络结构，解耦软材料超弹性与强粘接实现兼具低迟滞与强粘接超弹胶的策略，提出了单轴拉伸和简单剪切下超弹胶的通用力学设计准则。

（2）基于表面原位嫁接制备超弹胶。在超弹胶力学原理的指导下，发展了一种在超弹性软材料表面原位嫁接粘弹性粘接层制备超弹胶的两步法制备技术；以聚丙烯酸酯软材料为模型材料，通过调控超弹性本体与粘弹性粘接层的力学、几何参数，制备出低迟滞、强粘接，同时具备低玻璃化转变温度、高光学透明性和热稳定性的超弹胶。

（3）基于氧气阻聚一步制备超弹胶。利用氧气阻聚原理，发展了一种可直接在空气中快速合成超弹胶的一步制备技术；通过解析自由基聚合动力学、氧气扩散和自由基猝灭动力学之间的竞争关系，构建了超弹胶的聚合相图，建立了粘弹胶向超弹胶过渡的幂律判据；并揭示了具有异质结构超弹胶粘接能与厚度之间的非线性关系。

（4）简单剪切下超弹胶的力学行为。基于简单剪切下超弹胶的力学设计原理，实验验证了超弹性本体厚度与粘弹性粘接层的厚度比、粘接层剪切模量与超弹胶整体剪切模量之比与超弹胶剪切迟滞之间的关系，开展了剪切变形下的蠕变-回复测试，阐明了材料力学、几何参数对超弹胶回复性能的影响规律。

（5）超弹胶的应用。通过动态和静态疲劳载荷下材料的疲劳、松弛与蠕变行为以及界面粘接的抗疲劳行为测试展示了超弹胶优异的抗疲劳性能，作为概念验证，展示了超弹胶在柔性传感器、柔性折叠屏、软体机器人、电子皮肤等领域的潜在应用。

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