胶体晶体微观弹性调控及断裂行为研究

材料在应力作用下会发生形变；随着形变持续增加，材料会经历弹性 形变、塑性形变，最后发生断裂。从原子分子尺度理解材料弹性、塑性形 变与断裂行为的微观机制，对于预测和控制材料的宏观力学性质具有重要 意义。然而，在原子尺度实验研究形变与断裂在技术上仍然是个挑战。本 论文利用胶体晶体作为实验模型研究周期性结构材料的微观弹性、塑性、 与断裂行为。同时，胶体晶体因其独特的光散射特性，在光子晶体、结构 色材料中有广泛应用，而前期研究主要聚焦其光学性质，对力学特点研究 较少，并且普遍忽略了颗粒尺寸不均一性的影响。我们利用胶体实验对单 个胶体颗粒的显微识别技术与光镊操控技术，在单颗粒尺度研究准二维胶 体晶体在热激发下的局部弹性行为以及在外应力作用下的塑性变形与解理 断裂行为。实验中利用可调控的胶体间排空作用模拟原子间的吸引势，系 统研究了粒子间吸引势、粒子尺寸均一性、以及胶体体积分数对局部刚度 系数分布的影响。结果表明，降低粒子尺寸的均匀度虽然不会改变晶格结 构，但会造成晶体内部局域刚度的不均匀分布；这种不均匀的微观力学特 点会随着增加粒子间吸引势和样品体积分数而增强。为了研究微观弹性的 不均匀性对胶体晶体断裂行为的影响，我们设计了多光阱光镊胶体力学测 试实验，通过同时操控多个颗粒，实现了多模式应力加载方法，并在胶体 实验中首次实现了静力拉伸等非受限加载模式。通过持续拉伸，我们在单 粒子尺度对胶体晶体塑性变形与断裂过程中的粒子运动行为进行了系统描 述，并原位获得了宏观拉伸应力-应变曲线。结果表明，胶体晶体的裂纹与 内部局域弹性较弱的区域有强相关性。本研究为深入理解材料微观物理性 质对宏观力学行为的影响提供了新的实验平台。

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