中晚全新世东亚地磁场及气候的演化特征

地球是一个复杂的非线性系统，其中地磁场与气候系统是其重要的组成部分，分别受到内源动力和外源动力的影响，对生态环境、生命演化及人类活动等具有深远的影响。尽管现代观测具有高精度、高分辨率等特点，但由于时间尺度短且包含人类活动的干扰，难以充分揭示地磁场和气候的变化特征和机制，以及二者的潜在联系及对人类的影响。全新世以来，东亚地区涌现出许多优秀的新石器文化和古代文明，研究这一时期地磁场的演化与气候变化特征，对深化理解地磁场演化、气候变化和人类活动三者之间的关系至关重要。陆架边缘海是海陆交汇的重要地带，具有沉积速率高和沉积环境稳定等特点，是开展高分辨率古地磁和古环境变化记录研究的理想区域。因此，本论文以岩石磁学、古地磁学、沉积学和有机地球化学为主要研究手段，对渤海M12-8、M5-8和BHB15-6岩心沉积物进行了系统地研究，获得的主要结论如下：

渤海M12-8、M5-8和BHB15-6岩心沉积物的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿，含量和粒径较为均一，是记录地磁场变化的良好载体。基于碳十四同位素年龄和沉积物磁化率变化特征，分别构建了M12-8、M5-8和BHB15-6岩心准确的年代框架。重建的高分辨率、全矢量古地磁记录与东亚中纬度古地磁记录、CALS10.1b和SHA_DIF.14k模型预测较吻合，并记录到1300 BCE左右的地磁场“Spike”，而与低纬度记录存在差异。结合地磁场模型，东亚中、低纬度地区地磁场之间的差异主要受到西伯利亚磁通量斑强度和位移的影响。中国地磁场“Spike”与黎凡特地磁场“Spike”可能起源于不同的磁通量斑，未存在明显的西向漂移特征。

渤海M5-8岩心沉积物主要来源于黄河，其细颗粒组分（<63 μm）特征受控于亚洲夏季风强度，因而可用于重建亚洲夏季风的演变。细颗粒组分指示近2900年以来华北地区的夏季风逐渐减少，主要受控于太阳辐射量减少引起的热带辐合带南移，并叠加厄尔尼诺-南方涛动和大西洋多年代际变率的作用。夏季风记录显示近千年来中国东部的夏季降水呈“正-负-正”或“负-正-负”的“三明治”结构。CESM-LME气候模式试验结果显示，太阳辐射与火山活动通过改变大气环流和亚洲夏季风强度，共同塑造了中国东部近千年来的夏季降水格局。

渤海BHB15-6岩心沉积物的粒度特征、有机碳含量和Ca/Ti比值变化指示，3400 BCE以来黄海暖流逐渐增强，其强度在1500 BCE左右与现今强度相似并趋于平稳。黄海暖流的强度受到黑潮和亚洲冬季风的共同影响，亚洲冬季风增强将会促使黄、渤海沿岸流增强，进而导致黄海暖流增强。黄海暖流的侵入与增强改变了渤海的水动力条件，促进渤海泥质区的形成，其携带的营养盐输入在一定程度上促进了渤海泥质区生产力的提升，导致沉积物-水界面偏还原环境，更利于陆源有机质的保存。近3000年来，人口数量的增加与耕地面积的扩大，改变了黄河流域的生态环境，进一步影响渤海泥质区陆源有机质的输入。

通过对重建的地磁场相对古强度记录和古降水变化特征的分析，发现地磁场强度低值期与东亚夏季降水相对高值期呈现反相关关系，这种关联可能与地磁场对宇宙射线通量的调控有关。地磁场强度与气候变化特征并非简单一致，地磁场如何影响气候变化的机制及其影响程度尚需进一步研究。

The Earth is a highly intricate nonlinear system, encompassing the geomagnetic field and climate system as critical components. These elements are influenced by internal and external dynamics, yielding profound impacts on the ecological environments, life evolution, and human activities. Although modern observations have the characteristics of high precision and high resolution, uncovering the full characteristics and mechanisms of geomagnetic field and climate change, as well as their potential relationship with human impact, remains challenging due to the short time scale and interference from human activity. Since the Holocene, East Asia has seen the rise of numerous exceptional Neolithic cultures and ancient civilizations. Investigating the evolution of the geomagnetic field and the dynamics of climate change during this period is crucial to gain deeper insights into the interplay between the geomagnetic field, climate, and humanity. The marginal seas are crucial land-sea interfaces, characterized by high sedimentation rates and stable sedimentary environments. These attributes make them ideal regions for conducting detailed high-resolution studies of paleomagnetism and paleoenvironment. Here, we systematically studied the sediments of the M12-8, M5-8, and BHB15-6 cores derived from the Bohai Sea, using rock magnetism, paleomagnetism, sedimentology, and organic geochemistry as primary investigative tools. The main results of this study are as follows:

Rock magnetic results indicate that fine-grained magnetite is the primary remanent carrier of the sediment, providing a suitable medium for recording changes in the geomagnetic field. Age models of the studied cores were established through a combination of radiocarbon ¹⁴C dating and inter-profile correlation of mass-normalized magnetic susceptibility. The paleomagnetic records from the Bohai Sea are more consistent with the predictions of the CALS10.1b and SHA_DIF.14k models and with those from middle-latitudes, rather than the low-latitudes, as well as recorded a geomagnetic spike around 1300 BCE. The discrepancies in geomagnetic characteristics between the mid- and low-latitudes of East Asia were attributed primarily to the variations of the Siberian flux lobe. The Chinese and Levantine geomagnetic spikes might originate from two distinct magnetic flux patches.

The sediment of core M5-8 is primarily sourced from the Yellow River, and its fine-grained particles (<63μm) are influenced by the intensity of Asian Summer Monsoon and can be used to indicate the evolution of the summer monsoon. The new records indicate a gradual weakening of the summer monsoon in North China over the past ~2900 years, primarily due to the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone caused by reduced solar radiation, combined with the effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability. Over the past millennium, a distinctive sandwich-type summer precipitation pattern was observed in eastern China, characterized by a positive/negative/positive structure in North-Central-South China during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and reversed during the Little Ice Age. These patterns were influenced by external forcings, including solar activity and volcanic eruptions.

The sediment characteristics of core BHB15-6, including grain-size characteristics, organic carbon content, and Ca/Ti ratio variations, reveal a gradual strengthening of the Yellow Sea Warm Current since 3400 BCE. Around 1500 BCE, its strength had reached a level similar to that of present day and has since remained relatively stable. A stronger Asian Winter Monsoon will enhance the coastal currents along the Yellow and Bohai Seas, resulting in an intensification of the Yellow Sea Warm Current. This intensification and intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current has altered the hydrodynamic conditions in the Bohai Sea, promoting the formation of muddy areas. The influx of nutrients transported by the Yellow Sea Warm Current has to some extent increased the productivity of the Bohai Sea muddy areas, creating a sediment-water interface that tends to be more reducing, thus facilitating the preservation of terrestrial organic matter. Over the past 3000 years, human population growth and the expansion of cultivated land have altered the ecological landscape of the Yellow River Basin, which has subsequently impacted the influx of terrigenous organic matter to the Bohai Sea.

Based on the reconstructed paleointensity and paleo-precipitation records, a significant revelation emerges: there is a negative correlation between periods of low geomagnetic field intensity and lower rainfall in East Asia. This relationship is likely influenced by the modulation of galactic cosmic rays by the geomagnetic field. Notably, the geomagnetic intensity does not linearly correspond to conventional climate change patterns. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for thorough research to explore the mechanisms and magnitude of the geomagnetic field's impact on climate dynamics.

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