集成式压电传感单元作用机理及其在混凝 土全寿命健康监测的应用研究

混凝土在荷载和恶劣环境的共同作用下，其薄弱区域不可避免地会产生局部变形、剥落，甚至导致整体结构倒塌。由于混凝土基础设施的重要性，预防和减少其因质量问题造成的重大灾害成为有待解决的难点。开发新型传感体系和监测模式，以获取稳定可靠的工程结构原位质量演变信息是从根本上实现混凝土质量控制的重要方向之一，也是结构健康监测的迫切需求，从而进一步推动混凝土全寿命健康监测系统的发展。本研究基于全寿命监测的理念设计了一种集成式结构的压电传感单元，并基于该传感单元开展了混凝土全寿命周期不同阶段的原位监测研究，实现了相应监测参数量化同时建立了局部材料结构性能演变追踪以及对比的方法；此外，该传感单元的自评价功能也在本研究中被提出并用于传感单元的长期稳定性自评价研究。本研究的创新性工作具体如下：

1. 本研究基于提出的集成式传感单元，实现了嵌入式传感器自我评价以及基于尾波的混凝土全寿命监测功能。在本研究中，集成式传感单元的特点在于激励器与接收器封装在同一结构中，使得单个传感器能够同时实现信号激发与接收的功能。通过提出的传感单元，内部的接收器在主动超声监测过程所获得首波可不受监测目标的干扰而响应传感单元自身的性能状态实现自我评价；此外，基于该传感单元的提出，基于尾波的分析方法被引入混凝土早龄期阶段质量监测过程的研究，将传感器获得的时域信号尾部波形演变与混凝土的水化过程以及强度增长建立关联，丰富了尾波干涉技术在混凝土全寿命周期的监测内容。
2. 基于有限元模型解析集成式传感单元作用机理。通过实验获取材料基础参数，包括密度以及声速，用于有限元模型进行数值模拟研究；通过位移场云图结果分析波场特征，解析激励器作用机制以及信号信息来源。基于介质密度与波速差异对不同水灰比水泥基介质执行监测模拟，证明介质对信号尾部波形的影响，为后续信号演化与解析提供方向。基于随机骨料模型，建立混凝土内嵌入集成传感单元的有限元模型，并解析骨料、水灰比、水泥龄期以及局部损伤对时域信号的影响，论证传感单元能够在混凝土中得到统一稳定的首波以及对介质变化敏感的尾部波形。基于二维模型模拟所得时域信号对比实际传感器所获得信号，论证数值模拟的对实际信号的可解析性。
3. 建立集成式传感单元长期运行稳定性的自评价方法。基于集成式传感单元自我评价功能，对不同介质（空气、模拟侵蚀性溶液、水泥）中获得的信号进行280天的长期跟踪，根据时域信号首部波形的一致性以及能量分析传感器获取的信号长期稳定性。为了探究传感单元在建造过程中获得的超声信号可靠性，对比传感器混凝土浆体在震动过程中捕获的信号波形用于说明信号在建造过程中抗干扰能力。为探究传感单元在混凝土加载损坏后的工作性能，在混凝土试样执行单轴抗压前后初步分析传感器的监测功能，论证传感器后续服役阶段以及损伤阶段实现稳定监测功能的可行性。
4. 建立基于集成式传感单元信号的水泥基材料水化阶段以及强度增长阶段的量化评估方法。在施工期间，水化延迟和强度增长不达标会严重影响施工进度甚至导致后期结构倒塌。基于信号的能量参数，实现了对水化进程与强度演变的量化与对比。基于小波变换结果实现对水化阶段性区分以及强度增长演变的定性追踪。此外，本研究将早龄期进程监测转变为传感器的封装层与混凝土材料界面的透射和反射行为解析，并引入尾波干涉技术执行水泥材料水化过程的追踪以及强度增长阶段的量化监测。结果表明，相对波速变化与强度随时间的变化具有高度相似的趋势，且两者能够建立线性量化模型；而不同时间信号波形的相关系数被作为分析参数追踪水化进程，使得尾波干涉技术可应用于混凝土结构早龄期质量监控与量化。
5. 基于集成式传感单元执行应力监测和结构损伤监测的可行性研究，实现集成式传感单元进行全寿命不同阶段监测方法的建立。集成式传感单元可以被视为激励器和接收器，同步地与其他传感器配合。集成式传感单元与传统外贴式传感器基于整体信号分析获得的相对速度变化(Δv/v)几乎相同，并且集成式传感单元获得信号去相关系数增幅极低，揭示了粘接界面对信号存在影响，说明嵌入式集成传感单元能够减少外界扰动，实现稳定的应力监测。此外，传感器在混凝土开裂前后得到的信号也展示了稳定的首波以及差异巨大的尾波，说明传感器在损伤阶段也能完成监测功能并保持完整的内部结构。基于该研究，本文实现了嵌入式集成传感单元混凝土在建造、服役与损伤阶段的监测研究，为混凝土基础设施原位长期监测提供新方案。

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