南半球阻塞高压与ENSO的动力学联系及其对热浪极端天气的影响

       阻塞高压是中纬度重要天气系统之一，与极端天气事件密不可分。南半球阻塞高压的变化和热带年际变化信号 ENSO 之间存在紧密联系，本文对南半球阻塞高压和 ENSO 的动力学联系以及与南美洲高温热浪极端天气之间的关系进行研究。

      本文首先利用 1979 至 2016 年逐日 ECMWF-ERA5 再分析资料，使用改进的阻塞识别方法在南半球建立了新的二维阻塞气候态。从对流层高层散度变化以及利用改进的散度倾向方程角度出发，研究表明 ENSO 暖相位阻塞爆发区域下侧伴随对流层高层辐散异常而冷相位则相反。散度倾向方程结果表明非地转风起双重作用，即诱发反气旋非地转涡度有利于阻塞形成但同时导致辐合异常局部抑制阻塞形成，此外散度倾向方程中的非线性项是有利于阻塞爆发的主要贡献项。尽管热带散度异常的传播有利于南半球阻塞的形成，但该机制无法解释 ENSO 暖相位相比于冷相位阻塞爆发的偏好。其次本文从热带异常热源激发波列角度出发，研究发现阻塞的爆发和衰亡与热带传播至中纬度的 Rossby 波有关，并利用局地 Eliassen-Palm 通量进行诊断，研究表明阻塞爆发前 ENSO 暖相位相比于冷相位在合成阻塞爆发区域伴随着更多天气尺度涡旋的辐合，从而导致更有效的西风减弱因此利于阻塞的形成。本文同时也利用线性斜压模式进行数值模拟，试验结果表明 ENSO 暖相位散度场强迫在副热带激发一个波列，该波列起源于澳大利亚西侧传播至南太平洋地区并呈现反气旋涡度，因此有利于南半球阻塞的形成。

       通过对 2022 年 1 月 9 至 16 日发生于南美洲一次典型热浪事件分析，研究表明前期海温异常伴随南半球环状模正相位及中期阻塞环流形势建立，大气环流异常是局地高压建立的直接原因。热力学能量方程诊断分析表明，垂直运动在局地增温占主导作用，而水平温度平流为负贡献，与人类活动引起的地表变化相关的非绝热加热项是维持热浪的一个重要因素。

     Blocking is one of the important weather systems in mid-latitudes and is inseparable from extreme weather events. There is a close connection between the changes in the Southern Hemisphere blocking and the tropical interannual variation signal El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This paper studies the dynamic relationship between the Southern Hemisphere blocking and ENSO, as well as the connection with the extreme weather of heat wave event in South America.

    This study establishes a new two-dimensional blocking climatology in the Southern Hemisphere by using the improved detection method with the ECMWFERA5 reanalysis data from 1979 to 2016. Through the diagnostic analysis of tropopause divergence for the composite blocking events via an improved divergence tendency equation. It is found that the blocking in ENSO warm phase is characterized with upper-level divergence anomaly and the cold phase with convergence anomaly equatorward of blocking onset region. The results of the divergence tendency equation show that the ageostrophic effect exhibits dual effects, namely, it induces anticyclonic ageostrophic vorticity favoring the formation of blocking whereas it results in convergence anomaly close to the blocking onset region thus inhibiting blocking locally. In addition, the nonlinear term in the divergence tendency equation is found to be a dominant forcing for favoring blocking onset. Nevertheless, despite the propagation of tropical divergence anomalies favors the blocking formation, they could barely explain the Southern Hemisphere blocking onset preference in ENSO warm phase. Furthermore, this study also starts from the perspective of wave trains excited by abnormal heating sources in the tropics and finds that the onset and decay of the blocking are related to Rossby waves in the tropics to mid-latitudes. Through the localized Eliassen-Palm flux this study reveals that in ENSO warm phase the composite blocking onset region and the immediate upstream region are characterized by more localized Eliassen-Palm flux convergence, thereby leading to more effective westerly wind weakening and favoring the blocking formation .Numerical simulations are conducted by using linear baroclinic model and the results show that the ENSO warm phase divergence field forcing can excite a wave train in the subtropics, which originates from the west of Australia and propagates to the South Pacific region and presents the anticyclonic vorticity, which is conducive to the Southern Hemisphere blocking formation.

    Furthermore, an additional analysis is conducted for a typical heat wave event that occurred in South America from January 9 to 16, 2022. It is found that the early sea surface temperature anomaly was accompanied by a positive phase of the Southern Annular mode and the mid-term blocking circulation. The anomalous atmospheric circulation was a prerequisite of the local anticyclone establishment. Diagnostic analysis with the thermodynamic equation shows that the heat wave was mainly caused by the vertical motion term whereas the horizontal advection term had a negative contribution to the surface warming during the heat wave event. It is also found that diabatic heating related to land changes associated with anthropogenic activities, is an important factor in maintaining the heat wave.

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