各向异性磁性纳米合金的多频段微波吸收性能研究

 随着以5G技术为代表的无线业务的快速发展和军用信息化建设的推进，厘米波至毫米波的电磁波频谱被充分利用。然而，微波吸收作为保障通讯安全、信号稳定、电磁兼容、微波隐身的重要技术，在宽频谱范围的应用还不能被很好的解决。尽管传统磁性材料，如铁氧体、铁、钴和镍的合金及其氧化物在电磁波吸收方面有广泛应用，但它们在高频应用中受到Snoek极限的制约，难以满足日益增长的性能要求。面对这一挑战，本研究通过调节磁性合金的磁晶各向异性和形状各向异性，旨在突破传统材料的Snoek极限限制，探索在多频段有效微波吸收的新途径。本论文采用水热法和有机模板法制备了具有不同各向异性的磁性纳米合金，通过网络分析仪的同轴法和波导法测试磁性合金复合材料在2-40 GHz频段的复数介电常数和复数磁导率，重点分析微波吸收性能，并借助多物理场仿真深入研究材料的电磁波损耗机制。主要的研究成果如下：

  首先，基于调控材料的磁晶各向异性，研究其高频和多频段微波吸收。通过水热法合成Co元素偏析的 Fex(CoyNi1-y)100-x亚微米粒子，并通过控制Co元素含量调控其晶相和磁晶各向异性常数。进一步制备了HCP相和FCC相Fex(CoyNi1-y)100-x复合材料实现多个自然共振和交换共振协同作用，从而拓宽了微波吸收带宽。该复合材料的吸收带宽达到32.7 GHz(吸收频率为6.9-39.6 GHz)，对应厚度小于1.8 mm。此外，在7.4 GHz和2.2 mm厚度下，最强吸收性能(RL)达到-50 dB。然后，本文通过组装24 GHz雷达模块测试了Fe23(Co0.5Ni0.5)77复合材料的高频微波吸收性能，验证了其在高频应用中的可靠性，为解决实际高频电磁波干扰问题提供有效的方案。

  其次，研究磁性纳米粒子的形状各向异性对微波吸收性能的影响，实现低频段的微波吸收。采用有机模板法结合受限转化策略，制备一维和二维各向异性Fe0.9Co0.1纳米合金。研究发现，Fe0.9Co0.1纳米合金在微波吸收方面展现了卓越的性能，尤其是在低频范围内。其中，Fe0.9Co0.1纳米片在4.2 GHz时达到了最大的反射损耗值为-48.7 dB，而Fe0.9Co0.1纳米棒在2.5 GHz时的最大反射损耗值为-35.3 dB，最大有效吸收带宽达到4.2 GHz，厚度仅为0.7 mm。通过使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件仿真分析各向异性磁性纳米粒子填充复合材料内部电磁波的传播和损耗行为。仿真结果显示，各向异性磁性纳米粒子之间的复杂相互作用，如导电网络、介电耦合、磁耦合以及磁介电协同行为，共同促进了电磁波的损耗，显著提高了微波吸收性能。此外，Fe0.9Co0.1纳米片和纳米棒具有高电导率和电磁波损耗能力。当复合材料含量超过逾渗阈值时，测试材料的电磁屏蔽性能以吸收为主。因此，Fe0.9Co0.1纳米棒和纳米片具备优异的绿色电磁屏蔽效能，在电磁波管理领域具有巨大的应用潜力。

  最后，基于各向异性磁性材料展开结构设计，研究结构设计对材料电磁性能和微波吸收性能影响。使用溶液蒸发技术制备三维结构的Fe0.9Co0.1@PS复合材料，当填充率为30 wt%时，该复合材料在1.9 mm的样品厚度下，于10.7 GHz频率处展现了最大反射损耗峰值-49.4 dB，且吸收带宽达到了3 GHz。此外，研究还探讨了添加rGO对Fe0.9Co0.1@PS微波吸收性能的影响。当rGO的添加量为0.5 wt%时，Fe0.9Co0.1/rGO@PS复合材料在1.4 mm厚度时的吸收带宽达到6.1 GHz。同时，利用冰模板法制备的Fe0.9Co0.1/MXene/PI气凝胶微波吸收材料，在2.5 mm厚度时实现-49.2 dB的吸收强度，同时具有超轻、低填充率和耐火特性，具备多功能的应用潜力。

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