刮涂法油墨工程制备大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池及组件

钙钛矿太阳能电池因其卓越的能量转化效率和较低的制造成本，已成为光伏领域的研究热点。目前，高效率的钙钛矿太阳能电池通常采用旋涂法制备，该方法适用于制造小尺寸、高质量的薄膜。然而，在规模化生产中，旋涂法面临大量材料的浪费及大面积基底难以均匀覆盖等限制。刮涂法因其简便的操作过程、高的材料利用率及快速的生产能力，是旋涂工艺的有效替代方案。然而，由于刮涂工艺中湿膜干燥窗口较长，难以实现高质量均匀控制，薄膜质量和器件性能目前落后于旋涂工艺。在提高钙钛矿太阳能电池效率的策略中，使用碘化铅（PbI₂）钝化是一种有效的手段。PbI₂的引入可降低钙钛矿膜的缺陷，提高其结晶和薄膜质量，从而提高电池的能量转化效率。
基于此，采用刮涂法制备钙钛矿薄膜，通过在钙钛矿薄膜中引入过量PbI₂，探究薄膜中PbI₂的含量和分布对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响。研究发现，过量的PbI₂在薄膜中的随机分布可能会形成载流子传输屏障或降解位点。使用N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）可实现过量PbI₂再分配，诱导过量PbI₂在结晶过程中迁移到钙钛矿表面，减少埋底界面处的PbI₂残留，消除由钙钛矿埋界面中的光照引起的PbI₂的潜在降解，并实现钙钛矿晶界处的原位钝化。优化后的钙钛矿太阳能电池实现了24.5%的效率，是已报道的刮涂钙钛矿太阳能电池中最高效率之一。
针对规模化生产的挑战，通过优化刮涂大面积湿膜的工艺参数，提高了薄膜的均匀性和结晶质量。通过计算并调整激光刻蚀P2宽度，最小化能量损耗，并确定了最佳的P1-P2-P3激光划线和活性区域宽度。最终，制备出活性面积为13.68 cm²的钙钛矿光伏组件，实现20.4%的能量转化效率。

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