基于石笋氧同位素和环境磁学的末次冰期亚洲夏季风演化

        亚洲夏季风（Asian summer monsoon, ASM）区是世界上人口最稠密的地区。 ASM 的异常变化往往会引起干旱、洪涝等极端气候环境事件，直接威胁到季风区人类的生命和财产安全。因此，对 ASM 区未来气候环境变化的精准预测是环境领域的前沿科学问题。 气候预测的准确性主要基于对过去气候环境变化的认知。 末次冰期是距今最近的冰期， 研究该时期的 ASM 演化特
征可为预测未来 ASM 区气候环境演变奠定基础，具有重要的科学和实践意义。
        目前末次冰期 ASM 大气环流格局重建主要依靠模拟结果，缺乏地质记录验证。 ASM 区的石笋能够记录该区较为连续的气候环境演化信息。 石笋δ¹⁸O 记录可揭示与大气环流有关的“风”的演化，石笋环境磁学则与大气环流中“雨”的演化息息相关。综合这两种参数，可系统探讨 ASM 轨道及千年时间尺度时空变化特征。
        本文选取贵州省石竹洞石笋 SZ-1 和 SZ-3 进行综合测试和分析。 U-Th 定年和 δ¹⁸O 测量结果显示， SZ-1 的沉积年代为 45 至 25 ka（即 ka B.P.；在 1950年之前几千年） ， SZ-3 为 33 至 15 ka。 两者 δ¹⁸O 结果的阶段性平均值分别为-5.5‰和-5.6‰。 根据 Bootstrap 方法，本文对两段 δ¹⁸O 记录进行时间序列拼合，构建出该区末次冰期中后期 45-15 ka 的 δ¹⁸O 演化序列（SZ-1-3）。整体上， SZ-1-3 的 δ¹⁸O 变化特征与亚洲夏季风区其他记录变化相似。将本研究结果与亚洲夏季风区其他记录作系统对比，发现这些 δ¹⁸O 记录的平均值整体上由沿海至内陆逐渐减降低，反映出水汽分馏机制占主导， 揭示出末次冰期中后期 ASM 两条重要的水汽输送路径。其中一条起源于印度洋，经南亚沿海地区，进入我国西南地区，随后抵达我国中部季风区。另一条则起源于太平洋，经我国东南沿海地区，向我国夏季风区的中西部和北部输送。
        除上述大尺度变化特征 ， SZ-1-3 还存在着千年尺度变化 ，其中尤以Heinrich 事件最为显著。为进一步探究末次冰期 Heinrich 事件期间 ASM 区大气环流变化， 本文从亚洲夏季风区 14 个洞穴的石笋 δ¹⁸O 记录中，提取出4 次 Heinrich 事件的 30 个变化幅度数据，并揭示出从沿海向内陆逐渐增大的空间分布规律。 该变化规律主要涉及两种机制： 1）北半球高纬地区冬季风增
强和低纬地区热带辐合带南移，导致我国中低纬夏季风区夏季降雨减少，且越深入内陆减少幅度越大。夏季降雨的 δ¹⁸O 偏负，因此夏季降雨减少会引起石笋 δ¹⁸O 记录偏正； 2） 我国中低纬夏季风区降雨的水汽来源于印度洋和太平洋。印度洋水汽输送距离远，形成的降雨 δ¹⁸O 偏负； 而太平洋水汽搬运距离短，降雨 δ¹⁸O 相对偏正。在 Heinrich 事件期间，近源太平洋水汽占夏季降雨比例的增多，远源印度洋水汽则相应占比减少，共同促进上述空间格局的形成。
        针对降雨强度变化， 石竹洞石笋 SZ-1 和上覆土壤的 322 个岩石磁学结果表明，两者的主要载磁矿物都是亚铁磁性的磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿。 这种载磁矿物的一致性证实 SZ-1 磁性矿物主要源自洞穴上覆土壤， 并由基岩裂隙水搬运至洞穴中，其含量和粒径变化与裂隙水搬运强度有关，进而可指示区域降雨强度变化。 依据 SZ-1 的 U-Th 定年结果， 本文建立了 70-20 ka 期间 SZ-
1 的 环 境 磁 学 指 标 IRMsoft（ 揭示磁性矿物中的亚铁磁性矿物含量）和ARM/SIRM（揭示磁性矿物的粒度）的演化序列， 构建了我国西南地区在末次冰期的古降雨演化曲线。 结果显示， 当降雨增多时，岩石缝隙中的水动力增强，可以输送更多且粒径更大的磁性矿物进入溶洞并沉积在石笋中， 反之亦然。
        降雨变化的影响机制方面，本文发现石笋 SZ-1 环境磁学指标 IRMsoft 和ARM/SIRM 在 轨 道 时 间 尺 度 具 有 半 岁 差 周 期 ， 在 千 年 时 间 尺 度 上 响 应Heinrich 事件的变化。 本文认为该半岁差信号由热带日照信号通过热带辐合带和 ASM 向热带以外低-中纬地区传递。 其对 Heinrich 事件的响应与石笋δ¹⁸O 记录一致， 暗示两者都受到热带辐合带向南移动和印度洋北部蒸发分馏减弱的共同影响。
        综上所述， 本文取得如下三点创新认识： 1） 基于亚洲夏季风区石竹洞石笋 δ¹⁸O 记录及其与其他石笋 δ¹⁸O 记录之间的对比，揭示出末次冰期中后期亚洲夏季风的水汽传输路径； 2） 通过提取亚洲夏季风区石笋 δ¹⁸O 记录在末次冰期多次 Heinrich 事件期间的变化幅度，探索其空间分布规律，并对分布规律给予机制解释； 3） 基于石竹洞的环境磁学指标，揭示出末次冰期 ASM区我国西南石竹洞地区的古降雨演化规律，并分析得出其存在半岁差周期，在千年时间尺度响应于 Heinrich 事件。这三项成果从 ASM“风”和“雨”的角度出发，加深了对亚洲夏季风演化在轨道时间及亚轨道时间尺度上的认识。本研究可为我国未来气候环境变化趋势提供理论支撑，为长期人类活动需求提供科学基础。
 

        The Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) region is the most densely populated areas in the world. The abnormal changes of ASM often cause extreme weather events such as drought and flood, which directly threaten human life and property safety in the monsoon area. Therefore, the prediction of future climate change is on the cutting-edge in the field of environment research. The accuracy of future climate prediction is based on the knowledge of past climate change. The last glacial period is the most recent glacial period. Studying the evolution of ASM during this period lay a foundation for predicting the future climatic and environmental evolution in the ASM region, which has important scientific and practical significance.

        The reconstruction of atmospheric circulation pattern of ASM during the last glacial period mainly relies on the simulation results at present, and lacks the verification from geological records. Stalagmites in ASM region record the relatively continuous climatic and environmental evolution information. Stalagmite δ¹⁸O records can reveal the evolution of “wind” in atmospheric circulation, and stalagmite environmental magnetism is closely related to the evolution of “rain” in atmospheric circulation. By combining these two research directions, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of ASM on orbital and millennial time scale can be systematically discussed.

        The stalagmites SZ-1 and SZ-3 from Shizhu Cave in Guizhou Province were selected for comprehensive testing and analysis. U-Th dating and δ¹⁸O results indicate that the deposition age of SZ-1 is 45 to 25 ka (i.e. ka B.P.; Thousands of years before 1950), SZ-3 is 33 to 15 ka. The periodic mean values of their δ¹⁸O were -5.5‰ and -5.6‰, respectively. According to the Bootstrap method, two δ¹⁸O records were combined to construct the 45-15 ka δ¹⁸O evolution sequence (SZ-1-3) of the middle and late last glacial period in this area. Overall, the δ¹⁸O variation of SZ-1-3 is similar to other records in the ASM region. SZ-1-3 was systematically compared with other records in the ASM region, and it was found that the average values of these δ¹⁸O records gradually decreased from coastal to inland, reflecting the dominant water vapor fractionation mechanism, and revealing two important water vapor transport paths of ASM in the middle to late last glacial period. One originates in the Indian Ocean, through the coastal areas of South Asia, entered the southwest of China, and then reached the central monsoon region of China. The other originates from the Pacific Ocean, through the southeast coastal areas of our country, to the central, western and north parts of the summer monsoon area.

        In addition to the above changes, there are also millennial scale changes in SZ-1-3, especially during Heinrich stadials. In order to further investigate the changes of atmospheric circulation in the ASM region during the Heinrich stadials of the last glacial period, we extracted 30 amplitude data of 4 Heinrich events from the stalagmite δ¹⁸O records of 14 caves in the ASM region, and revealed the increasing spatial distribution from the coast to the interior. There are two main mechanisms involved in this change: (1) the increase of winter wind in the high latitude region of the northern hemisphere and the southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone in the low latitude region lead to the decrease of summer rainfall in the middle-low-latitude summer monsoon region of China. The decrease is greater with the increasing distance between land and sea. The δ¹⁸O of summer rainfall is relatively depleted, so the decrease of summer rainfall will cause more enriched stalagmite δ¹⁸O records. (2) The water vapor of rainfall in the middle-low-latitude summer monsoon area in China comes from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The water vapor transport distance in the Indian Ocean is far, so the precipitation δ¹⁸O is relatively depleted. The Pacific water vapor transport distance is short, and the rainfall δ¹⁸O is relatively enriched. The proportion of water vapor from the near Pacific Ocean increased, while the proportion of water vapor from the far Indian Ocean decreased, which jointly promoted the formation of the above spatial pattern during the Heinrich stadials.

        For changes in rainfall intensity, the 322 rock magnetic results of stalagmite SZ-1 and overlying soil of Shizhu Cave reveal that the main magnetic carrying minerals of them are ferromagnetic magnetite and maghemite. The consistency confirms that the magnetic mineral SZ-1 mainly originates from the overlying soil of the cave and is transported to the cave by the fissure water of the bedrock. The changed content and particle size of SZ-1 are related to the transport intensity of the fissure water, which further indicate the change of regional rainfall intensity. Based on the U-Th dating results of SZ-1, the evolution sequences of environmental magnetic parameters IRMsoft (revealing the ferromagnetic content in magnetic minerals) and ARM/SIRM (revealing the particle size of magnetic minerals) of SZ-1 during 70-20 ka were established, and the paleorainfall evolution curve of the last glacial period in southwest China was constructed. The results show that when rainfall increases, the hydrodynamic forces in the rock fissure are enhanced, and more magnetic minerals with larger particle sizes can be transported into the cave and deposited in the stalagmites, and vice versa.

        On the mechanisms of precipitation changes，this study show that IRMsoft and ARM/SIRM of SZ-1 have half-precession periods on the orbital timescale and respond to Heinrich stadials on the millennial timescale. It is suggested that the half-precession signal is transmitted by tropical insolation signal to low-middle-latitude areas outside the tropics through the intertropical convergence zone and ASM. Its response to the Heinrich stadials is consistent with the stalagmite δ¹⁸O records, suggesting that both of them are influenced by a combination of southward movement of the intertropical convergence zone and a weakening of evaporative fractionation in the northern Indian Ocean.

        In summary, this study has obtained the following three innovative understandings. (1) Based on the δ¹⁸O records of stalagmite and its comparison with other δ¹⁸O records in the Asian summer monsoon region, this study reveals the water vapor transport path of the Asian summer monsoon in the middle and late last glacial period. (2) By further extracting the variation amplitude of δ¹⁸O records in stalagmites in the Asian summer monsoon area during the Heinrich events of the last glacial period, the spatial distribution of these records is found, and the mechanism of the distribution is explained. (3) Based on the environmental magnetic parameters of the stalagmite SZ-1, this study reveal the changes of the paleo-rainfall during the last glacial period in the studied region. Also, half-precession periods on the orbital time scale and response to Heinrich stadials on the millennial time scale of these two environmental magnetic parameters are revealed. These three results deepen the understanding of ASM evolution on orbital and suborbital time scale from the perspective of ASM “wind” and “rainfall”.

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