薄膜声学超材料的结构优化与抗疲劳研究

薄膜声学超材料，作为声学超材料中的一类，可以打破质量定律的限 制，不仅能有效的控制低频声波，还具有轻薄，可设计性强，易加工等特 点，在需要降噪的狭窄空间具有很大的工程应用潜力。然而在实际工程应 用中薄膜声学超材料具有使用寿命短的缺点。本文为了提高薄膜声学超材 料结构疲劳寿命与吸声性能，开展了吸声机制的研究以及结构轻量化优化 设计和结构疲劳寿命预测分析研究，提出了一种非对称轻量化薄膜声学超 材料结构优化设计方法。结果显示，这种方法使薄膜声学超材料结构的吸 声性能和疲劳寿命均得到有效提高。为薄膜声学超材料的实际工程应用提 供了理论和技术支撑。 本文具体采用有限元方法，建立了新构型在平面声波激励下的声固耦 合模型，分析其吸声机理，揭示了轻量化非对称布局对薄膜声学超材料吸 声性能的影响规律。通过 Dirlik 法建立了求解新构型随机声振疲劳寿命的 有限元模型。根据参数对吸声性能的影响规律，通过多目标智能算法控制 的有限元方法，针对吸声性能与疲劳寿命性能开展了联合优化。 为验证新结构优化设计方法在实际应用中的有效性，本研究搭设了无 背衬的双端口吸声系数测量平台，通过对比不同工况下的吸声曲线，归纳 了薄膜预应力对吸声性能的影响规律。另外，根据有无背衬以及对空气深 度的实验结果，分析得出了实验结果与仿真结果之间的误差来源。结果表 明，在不牺牲低频吸声性能的情况下，所提出的优化结构的质量总体上比 传统膜型声学超材料的质量降低 41.4%，厚度减小 46.52%，相应的最小疲 劳寿命增加了 10.27%。与未优化的结构相比，优化后结构的平均吸声性能 提高了 22.2%。

The “mass law” can be overcome by acoustic metamaterials, as one type of acoustic metamaterials, membrane-type acoustic metamaterials not only effectively control low-frequency sound wave, but also exhibit good characteristics such as lightweight, high design flexibility, and ease of processing. These materials hold great engineering potential for noise reduction in the confined space. However, the disadvantage of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial in practical engineering applications is that they always have short fatigue life. In order to improve the fatigue life and sound absorption performance of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial structures, sound absorption mechanisms, as well as structural lightweight optimization design and structural fatigue life prediction analysis research are carried out in this study. An asymmetric lightweight membrane-type acoustic metamaterial structures optimization design method is proposed. The results show that this method effectively improves the sound absorption performance and fatigue life of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial structures. This provides theoretical and technical support for the practical engineering application of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial. The acoustic-structure coupling model of the new configuration under plane acoustic excitation is constructed by using the finite element method. By analyzing the sound absorption mechanism of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial, the influence of lightweight asymmetric layout on the sound absorption performance of membrane-type acoustic metamaterials is revealed. A finite element model for the random acoustic vibration fatigue life of the new configuration is established by using the Dirlik method. The sound absorption performance and fa tigue life performance are jointly optimized through the finite element method controlled by multi-objective intelligent algorithm based on the influence of parameters on sound absorption performance. To verify the effectiveness of the new structural optimization design method in practical applications, a backless dual port sound absorption coefficient measurement platform is established. By comparing the sound absorption curves under different working conditions, the influence of membrane prestress on sound absorption performance is summarized. Furthermore, based on the presence or absence of backing and experimental results on air depth, the sources of error between the experimental and simulation results were analyzed. The results show that, without sacrificing low-frequency sound absorption performance, the proposed structure is globally 41.4% lighter and 46.52% thinner than the conventional membrane-type acoustic metamaterial. The corresponding minimum fatigue life is increased by 10.27%. The optimized configuration shows a 22.2% improvement in acoustic absorption performance compared to the unoptimized.

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