茅洲河流域对羟基苯甲酸酯的多介质归趋研究

对羟基苯甲酸酯 (parabens) 是一类具有内分泌干扰等毒性效应的防腐剂，广泛添加于药品、食品和护理品。环境中的parabens是典型的药品与个人护理品 (PPCPs) 类污染物。目前关于环境中parabens的来源、归趋和风险已有不少研究，但仍较为分散，且缺乏流域尺度上的整体研究，不利于parabens污染的防治。本文以常见parabens组分为目标污染物，在典型城市化流域—茅洲河流域开展研究。首先，采用市场调研方法估算了2019年茅洲河流域内4种parabens (对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、乙酯、丙酯和丁酯，依次记为MeP、EtP、PrP和BuP) 在4类主要产品 (个人护理品、家庭护理品、食品和药品) 中的使用量。其次，结合排放因子方法估算了MeP、EtP和PrP在产品使用阶段和废物处置阶段向生活垃圾、生活污水、大气、地表水和土壤的排放量。再次，构建了MeP、EtP和PrP的三级逸度模型并预测了组分在茅洲河流域多介质环境中的浓度和归趋过程通量。最后，对逸度模型的预测结果进行了检验，并结合不同稳态情景下的排放量反演、文献调研和实地调查探究了逸度模型土壤相和城市膜相中parabens来源的不确定性。

研究结果显示，2019年研究区4类产品中4种parabens组分的总使用量呈现个人护理品≫家庭护理品>食品>药品的情况，分别为3200.69 kg、124.62 kg、95.96 kg和19.27 kg。可见，在研究环境中parabens的来源时，需要重点关注个人护理品。MeP、EtP和PrP在产品使用阶段的排放量均呈现生活污水>生活垃圾≫空气的情况，在废物处置阶段的排放量均呈现地表水>土壤≫空气的情况。MeP、EtP和PrP进入地表水的量分别为139.43 kg、16.29 kg和45.95 kg，进入土壤的量分别为8.91 kg、2.46 kg和4.81 kg，进入空气的量分别为0.95 kg、0.03 kg和0.46 kg。

非平衡稳态条件下三级逸度模型得到的MeP、EtP和PrP在水和沉积物固相中浓度的预测值分别为29.88 ng L^-1、3.78 ng L^-1、12.11 ng L^-1和13.95 ng g^-1、0.10 ng g^-1、0.71 ng g^-1，和样品实测值的几何平均值相差均不超过一个数量级。然而，MeP、EtP和PrP在土壤固相和地面积尘中浓度的预测值与样品实测值相比明显偏低，表明土壤相和城市膜相中parabens的来源存在较大不确定性。进一步开展定量和定性结合的分析，发现MeP、EtP和PrP向土壤相的排放量合理区间分别为490.15~1024.85 kg、2.46~14.78 kg和48.06~79.30 kg，潜在来源可能包括污水灌溉、人和动物粪尿的直排或施用、农药施用和生活垃圾随意丢弃；MeP、EtP和PrP向城市膜相的排放量合理区间分别为4.46~16.40 kg、0~0.57 kg和0~0.09 kg，潜在来源可能包括通风或室内灰尘清除与垃圾箱和垃圾转运站的渗滤液泄露。上述分析结果揭示了传统研究所忽视的潜在来源和排放途径，为进一步深入研究parabens在流域尺度的多介质归趋指出了方向。

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